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Details Title: Biology 202 chapter 27 Description: Prokaryotes Total Flash Cards: 70 Created: 01/22/2005 14:53:23	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Prokaryotes classification Definition Archaea (archaeabacteria), Bacteria (Eubacteria), Cyanobacteria Term Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Prokaryotes are Definition More diverse than Eukkaryotes, most abundant life form, Prokaryotes 3.5-3.8 billion years ago Eukaryotes 2.1-2.7 billion years ago, Term autotrophic Definition Are photoautotroph or chemoautotroph Term photoautotroph Definition uses photosynthesis to supply energy Term chemoautotroph Definition that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds Term heterotrophic Definition Photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph;An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition. Term photoheterotroph Definition An organism that depends on light for most of its energy and principally on organic compounds for its carbon. Term chemoheterotroph Definition An organism which oxidizes chemical bonds for energy but requires organic carbon compounds to grow Term Archaea and bacteria are important in many ways Definition industrial importance, antibiotics, genetic engineering, and they are the only organisms capable of atmospheric nitrogen fixation Term industrial creations from bacteria Definition acetic acid, vinegar, ethanol, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, cheeses, yogurts) Term antibiotics from bacteria Definition streptomycin, neomycin, aureomycin, erythomycin, tetracycline Term genetic engineering benefits from bacteria Definition insulin, biological control, bioremediation Term stucture of prokaryotes: how many cells, size, nucleus or not?, cell membranes fxns, Definition single celled and colonial; no multicellular or specialization.....size 1 micrometer/ 10% of eukaryotic or smaller, no nucleus; single circular chromosome in cytoplasm.......cell membranes serve fxns of complex organelle; surface are for metabolic chemical rxns; photosynthesis, respiration, etc. Term bacteria's cell wall Definition secreted by cell membrane; Term 2 general cell wall bacteria types Definition Gram positive-peptidoglycan.....or gram negative, capsule-gelatinous on outside Term 3 basic bacteria shapes Definition bacillus, coccus, and spirillum Term bacillus Definition rod shaped bacteria Term coccus Definition spherical bacteria shape Term spirillum Definition spirally coiled bacteria Term peptidoglycan Definition polysaccharide molecules connected by polypeptide cross-links Term gram positive Definition peptidoglycan-polysaccharide molecules connected by polypeptide cross-links Term gram negative Definition additional lipopolysaccharide layer on outside of thinner petidoglycan layer Term capsule Definition in some cellwalls, gelatinous on outside Term flagella Definition one or both ends or all over in some; locomotion single fibers Term pili (pilus) Definition hairlike outgrowths; shorter than flagella; help attach to substrates and exchange genetic material Term endospores Definition thick walls around chromosome and some cytoplasm; dormant and survive aderse conditions especially heat and dry Term cyanobacteria (blue/green algae) Definition may from long filaments; galatinous sheaths; gliding motion Term bacterial reproduction Definition binary fission Term 2 sources of variation Definition Mutation and genetic recombination Term mutation of bacteria Definition 1/200 bacteria; may double in 12.5 minutes resistance to antibiotics Term Genetic recombination 3 types Definition transduction, conjugation, transformation Term transduction Definition virus genome parts incorporated into bacterial genome Term conjugation Definition The temporary union of two bacterial cells during which one cell transfers part or all of its genome to the other, hollow tube (pilus) forms between 2 bacteria; replicated plasmid transferred; small somewhat spherical, extra chromosomal DNA; Term transformation Definition plasmid genome absorbed from surrounding eviornment Term saprobes Definition decomposers, absorb energy and carbon from dead organic matter Term parasites Definition absorb nutrients from living hosts Term 1.) Archaeabacteria... their cell walls lack- _____________, but have Definition typical peptidoglycan design.........distinctive membrane Term 2.) Archaeabacteria...Lipids in- ___________, more similar to -_________; __________ are associated with DNA, have distinctive metabolism, they may also represent some of the oldsest life forms Definition phospholipids have distinctive rRNA, eukaryotes, histones Term Archaeabacteria are a diverse group some live Definition some live in habitats too extreme for most organisms Term Extremophiles Definition Eukaryotes in extreme environments consist of Methanogens, Thermacidophiles, and Halophiles Term Methanogens Definition produce methane from CO2 and H2; reduce sulfur to H2S; marsh gas Term Thermacidophiles Definition live in hot acid environments Term Halophiles Definition Organism that requires a salty environment Great salt lake and Dead sea Term Pathogens Definition An agent that causes disease, especially a living microorganism such as a bacterium or fungus Term plant pathogens Definition various blights, rots and wilts: appear as spots Term Human Pathogens Definition Lyme disease, Gonorrhea, Syphillis Term Lyme Disease Definition Carried by ticks; deer and field mice Term Gonorrhea Definition STD often resistent to antibiotics Term Syphilis Definition STD; several stages Term Syphilis Definition STD; several stages........1.)Chancre sore in infected area; highly infectious, 2.) General rash; sores in mouth and throat; still highly infectious, 3.) No symtoms, not infectious, 4.)Damage heart, nerves, brain, causes blindness Term Exotoxin Definition Proteins secreted by prokaryotes Term Endotoxin Definition components on membranes of gram-negative bacteria Term Koch's Postulates Definition (Robert Koch - German physician) guidelines for medical microbiology Term nitrogen fixation Definition the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria Term Aerobic Definition Living or occurring only in the presence of oxygen: aerobic bacteria Term Anaerobic Definition An organism, such as a bacterium, that can live in the absence of atmospheric oxygen Term Streptococcus Definition A round to ovoid, gram-positive, often pathogenic bacterium that occurs in pairs or chains, many species of which destroy red blood cells and cause various diseases in humans, including erysipelas, scarlet fever, and strep throat. Term staphylococcus Definition A spherical gram-positive parasitic bacterium, usually occurring in grapelike clusters and causing boils, septicemia, and other infections. Term decomposer Definition An organism, often a bacterium or fungus, that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, thus making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem Term Pneumonia Definition An acute or chronic disease marked by inflammation of the lungs and caused by viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms and sometimes by physical and chemical irritants. Term Anthrax Definition An infectious fatal disease of warm-blooded animals, can be transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated animal substances (hair, feces, or hides), and is characterized by skin lesions. Term Tuberculosis Definition An infectious disease of humans characterized by the formation of tubercles on the lungs and other tissues of the body Term Botulism Definition A severe, sometimes fatal food poisoning caused by ingestion of food containing botulin and characterized by nausea, vomiting, disturbed vision, muscular weakness, and fatigue. Term Cholera Definition An acute infectious disease of the small intestine, characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe dehydration, and depletion of electrolytes. Term salmonella Definition Any of various rod-shaped bacteria of the genus Salmonella, many of which are pathogenic, causing food poisoning, typhoid, and paratyphoid fever in humans and other infectious diseases in domestic animals. Term streptomycin Definition An antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. Term neomycin Definition An antibiotic used as an intestinal antiseptic in surgery. Term Erythromycin Definition An antibiotic effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria. Term Aureomycin Definition a yellow crystalline antibiotic used to treat certain bacterial diseases Term tetracycline Definition an antibiotic used broadly to treat infections