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Biology 177-Anatomy and Physiology
Histology
184
Biology
Undergraduate 3
10/04/2010

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Term
Tissue
Definition
Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.
Term
Four types of tissue
Definition
Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous
Term
Histology
Definition
Study of tissues
Term
Major forms of epithelial tissue
Definition
1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandular epithelium
Term
Epidermis
Definition
Outer layer of skin
Term
Glandular Epithelia
Definition
Produce a variety of secretory products including sweat, oil, ear wax, and hormones.
Term
Functions of epithelial tissue
Definition
1. Provide physical protection
2. Control permeability
3. Provide sensation
4. Produce specialized secretions
Term
Apical surface
Definition
Surface facing into a body cavity. Contain cilia and microvilli
Term
Microvilli
Definition
Located on apical surface which increase space for transport without increasing the amount of space occupied by the epithelium or the cell
Term
Cilia
Definition
Located at the apical surface which function to move materials along a surface. (Trachea)
Term
Tight Junction
Definition
Interstinal cells; adhesion belt interlocks adjacent cells forming a barrier. Lining respiratory tract; prevent unwanted materials from passing through.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Skin cells; cell adhesion molecules, filaments and cytoskeleton make the tissue able to withstand stretching, twisting, and compression.
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Cardiac and smooth muscle; connexions form channels between cells for the rapid and coordinated passage of small molecules and ions.
Term
Main function of the tissue found in the digesitve tract?
Definition
Secretion
Term
Main function of the epithelium lining the urinary passageways?
Definition
Protection
Term
Epithelia have numerous blood vessels. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Epithelia have nerve endings running through them. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Tissue generating heat
Definition
Muscle Tissue
Term
Classification of epithelial tissue
Definition
1. # of cell layers
2. Height and shape of the cells on the SURFACE layer
Term
Function of simple squamos epithelium
Definition
Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. Secretes lubricating substances in serosae.
Term
Location of simple squamos
Definition
kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, linings of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the ventral body cavity.
Term
Mesothelium
Definition
simple squamos epithelium lining internal body cavities and the viscera.
Term
Endothelium
Definition
Simple squamos epithelium lining the inside of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels.
Term
Function of simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
Secretion and absorption
Term
Location of simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.
Term
Function of simple columnar epithelium
Definition
absorption, secretion of enzymes, mucus and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action.
Term
Location of simple columnar epithelium
Definition
Nonciliated: lines digestive tract, gall bladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.
Ciliated line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium function
Definition
Secretion, particulary of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Term
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
Definition
Nonciliated located in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands. Ciliated type lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract.
Term
Function of stratified squamos epithelium
Definition
Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.
Term
Stratified squamos epithelium location
Definition
Nonkeratinized are in the moist linings of the espohagus, mouth and vagina. Keratinized forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
Term
Transitional epithelium function
Definition
Stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine.
Term
Transitional epithelium location
Definition
Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra
Term
Gland
Definition
Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product. Unicellular or multicellular.
Term
Two major categories of glands
Definition
Endocrine glands and exocrine glands
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
Ductless glands; secretory product enters directly into the blood, lymph, or extracellular fluid.
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
Externally secreting glands which secrete glands into ducts which empty onto the surface or lining of an organ
Term
Exocrine gland secretions include
Definition
mucus, sweat, oil, saliva, digestive enzymes, bile, and many others.
Term
Endocrine glands secrete their products into:
Definition
the body fluid compartments, most commonly blood.
Term
Only important unicellular exocrine gland
Definition
the goblet cell
Term
Function of mucus
Definition
Protects and lubricates surfaces
Term
Function of goblet cells
Definition
synthesize and secrete mucin which dissolves in water to form mucus.
Term
Basic parts of multicellular exocrine glands
Definition
1. Duct 2. Secretory portion called acinus
Term
Merocrine Gland function
Definition
Secrete their products by conventional exocytosis.
Term
Examples of merocrine glands
Definition
salivary glands, pancreas, and sweat glands used in thermoregulation of body temperature.
Term
Location of goblet cells
Definition
In the linings of the respiratory and interstinal tracts.
Term
Secretory portion of an exocrine gland
Definition
acinus
Term
Holocrine glands
Definition
accumulate their product until the entire cell ruptures. The shed cells are replaced by division of stem cells.
Term
Milk produced by this type of secretion
Definition
Merocrine glands; exocytosis
Term
Three components of all types of connective tissue
Definition
Cells, fibers and ground substance
Term
Three components of all types of connective tissue
Definition
Cells, fibers and ground substance
Term
All connective tissue arise from
Definition
mesenchyme which is an embryonic tissue
Term
Areolar Connective Tissue location
Definition
lying under epithelia, in mesenteries, and surrounding capillaries.
Term
Most abundant cell type found in connective tissue proper
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
Shape of fibroblasts
Definition
Variable and depends on how synthetically active they are, and in what type of CT they are found.
Term
Function of fibroblasts
Definition
Secrete the fibers of CT and most of the ground substance
Term
Macrophages are derived from
Definition
the blood
Term
Cytoplasm of mast cells filled with
Definition
Heparin and histamine
Term
Heparin
Definition
anticoagulant
Term
Histamine
Definition
vasodilator
Term
lymphocytes and plasma cells
Definition
derived from WBC called B-lymphocyte
Term
Fx. of Plasma Cells
Definition
secrete antibodies
Term
Location of lymphocytes and plasma cells
Definition
Found in CT of digestive and respiratory tracts, and in any place that is in close contact with the outside.
Term
Adipocyte function
Definition
Fat cells; reserve energy, padding, insulation, etc.
Term
Mesenchymal Cells function
Definition
Stem cells that can differentiate into other CT cell types if tissue becomes injured or infected.
Term
Melanocytes location
Definition
Most abundant in the skin, but also fount in the CT of the eye
Term
Microphages
Definition
"Small eaters", include several types of WBC's that leave the bloodstream to come to the aid of microphages and mast cells in fighting infection or an injury.
Term
Function of fibers
Definition
Provide strength and support for the tissues
Term
Location of fibers of CT
Definition
Found in the matrix of CT
Term
Three types of fibers
Definition
1. Collagen
2. Elastic
3. Reticular
Term
Most abundant and strongest fiber
Definition
Collagen
Term
Elastic fibers composed of
Definition
Elastin
Term
Reticular fibers coated with
Definition
a glycoprotein
Term
Function of reticular fibers
Definition
Form a net-like meshwork for many organs including stroma, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
Term
Ground substance of CT contains
Definition
water, electrolytes, fine collagen fibrils, and a diversity of large molecules
Term
Function of ground substance
Definition
Surrounds and supports the cells and fibers, provides medium for diffusion of nutrients and metabolites exchanged between blood and tissue, and acts as a molecular sieve; prevents spread of bacteria, but facilitates diffusion
Term
Loose connective tissue includes
Definition
1. Areolar CT
2. Adipose tissue
3. Reticular CT
Term
Dense connective tissue includes
Definition
1. Dense regular CT
2. Dense irregular CT
3. Elastic CT
Term
Supporting Connective Tissues include
Definition
1. Cartilage
2. Bone (osseous) tissue
Term
three types of cartilage
Definition
1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic
Term
2 types of bone tissue
Definition
1. Compact 2. Spongy
Term
Fluid connective tissue includes
Definition
1. blood (vascular) tissue 2. lymph
Term
Most widely distributed CT in the body
Definition
Areolar
Term
least specialized form of CT
Definition
Areolar
Term
Function of areolar CT
Definition
Supports most epithelia
Term
Describe inflammation and Areolar CT
Definition
Because Areolar CT can hold as much fluid as the entire blood stream, inflammation causes Areolar CT to soak up excess fluids like a sponge (edema)
Term
Location of adipose tissue
Definition
Found around hard-working, active tissues such as the bone marrow, heart, and lymph nodes
Term
Adipocytes
Definition
fat cells in adipose tissue
Term
Stroma
Definition
Supportive network formed by reticular fibers
Term
Funciton of stroma
Definition
supports the functional cells (parenchyma) of the organ
Term
Location of reticular CT
Definition
found in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver and kindey
Term
Cell type found in dense regular CT
Definition
fibroblasts (poorly vascularized)
Term
Location of dense regular CT
Definition
Found where strength is required in a specif direction; the fibers run parallel to the direction of pull
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or bones
Term
Tissue in the cornea of the eye
Definition
Dense Regular CT
Term
Function of dense irregular CT
Definition
provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion or organs such as the urinary bladder
Term
Location of elastic CT
Definition
between vertebrae of the spinal column, ligaments supporting the penis, ligaments supporting transitional epithelia, in blood vessel walls
Term
Functions of Elastic CT
Definition
stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis, cushions shocks, permits expansion and contraction or organs
Term
Cell which secretes antibodies
Definition
Plasma Cell
Term
Cell type that stores energy
Definition
Adipocyte
Term
Mesenchymal Cells
Definition
Stem cells that can differentiate into other CT types if tissue becomes injured or infected
Term
How does cartilage receive it's nutrients?
Definition
Via diffusion from CT surrounding it (perichondrium)
Term
Three types of cartilage
Definition
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic
Term
Most abundant and widespread cartilage
Definition
Hyaline
Term
Function of hyaline cartilage
Definition
Supports and reinforces
Term
Location of hyaline cartilage
Definition
Forms most of embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones, forms costal cartilage of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
Term
Function of elastic cartilage
Definition
Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Term
Location of Elastic Cartilage
Definition
Supports the external ear, epiglottis
Term
Function of fibrocartilage
Definition
Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Term
Location of fibrocartilage
Definition
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
Term
Two ways that cartilage and bone can grow
Definition
1. Interstitial 2. Appositional
Term
Appositional growth
Definition
adding onto the surface
Term
Interstitial growth
Definition
Growing from within
Term
Function of bone (osseous) tissue
Definition
supports and protects, provides levers for muscles to act on, store calcium and other minerals and fat, marrow in site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Term
Chondrocytes
Definition
Cartilage cells
Term
Most abundant type of cartilage found in the body
Definition
Hyaline
Term
Cartilage cells found in
Definition
lacunae (0rganic matrix)
Term
Cartilage found in the "pinna" of the ear
Definition
Elastic
Term
Cartilage found in the intervertebral discs
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
Cartilage found on the ends of long bone
Definition
Hyaline
Term
Dense irregular CT surrounding bone
Definition
periosteum
Term
Membrane which lines cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body
Definition
Mucous
Term
Watery persipiration is example of what kind of secretion?
Definition
Merocrine
Term
Intercalated discs only found in
Definition
Cardiac Muscle
Term
Type of membrane that lines body cavities that open to the exterior
Definition
Mucous
Term
Type of membrane that lacks an epithelium
Definition
Synovial
Term
type of membrand that lines body cavities that do not open to the exterior
Definition
Serous
Term
Part of the membrane that lines the body cavity
Definition
Parietal
Term
Serous membrane that covers the organs
Definition
Visceral
Term
Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
Peritoneal
Term
Most common type of cartilage
Definition
Hyaline
Term
Three layers of fasciae
Definition
1. Superficial 2. Deep 3. Subserous
Term
Fasciae
Definition
Connective layers that wrap and support organs, maintain their position, and provide a route for blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
Term
Location of superficial fasciae
Definition
Between the skin and the underlying organs
Term
Superficial fasciae also known as
Definition
Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
Term
Superficial fasciae consists of
Definition
Areolar CT and adipose tissue
Term
Function of deep fasciae
Definition
Forms a strong, fibrous, internal framework of Dense CT; wraps up tendons, ligaments, joint capsules and holds layers of muscle together.
Term
Location of subserous fascia
Definition
found between serous membranes and deep fascia
Term
Subserous fascia consists of
Definition
areolar tissue
Term
Synovial membranes location
Definition
Line cavities of freely moving joints. Also found in bursae (cushioning) sacs, tendon sheaths of the hands and feet.
Term
Type of membrane that lacks an epithelium
Definition
Synovial
Term
function of synovial membrane
Definition
secrete synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes the cartilage at the ends of bones
Term
Serous membranes consist of
Definition
Mesothelium and areolar CT
Term
Mesothelium function
Definition
secretes serous fluid to lubricate organs
Term
Location of mucous membranes
Definition
line body cavities that open to the exterior; oral cavity, respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts.
Term
All mucous membranes attached to a layer of CT called
Definition
lamina propria
Term
Cutaneous membrane
Definition
Is the skin
Term
Cutaneous membrane consists of
Definition
keratinized stratified epithelium (epidermis) and dense irregular CT (dermis)
Term
Two major types of membranes
Definition
Epithelial and synovial
Term
Three types of epithelial membranes
Definition
Mucous, cutaneous, and serous
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
Tissue which allows us to be aware of the external environment and react to it
Term
Tissue which can sustain contraction for long periods
Definition
Smooth
Term
type of tissue that stores important minerals
Definition
Bone (osseous) tissue
Term
Type of tissue which lacks nerves
Definition
Cartilage
Term
Most abundant cell found in connective tissue
Definition
fibroblast
Term
Strongest type of fiber
Definition
collagen fiber
Term
Fiber found in tendons
Definition
Collagen
Term
Fiber found in spleen and bone marrow
Definition
Reticular
Term
Fiber found in the aorta
Definition
Elastic
Term
Least specialized and most distributed type of connective tissue
Definition
areolar CT
Term
type of CT found around organs that are working hard
Definition
Adipose
Term
Type of cell that destroys pathogenic or damaged cellular material
Definition
macrophage
Term
Type of cell that secretes all the fiber types
Definition
fibroblast
Term
Type of cell that stores energy
Definition
Adipocyte
Term
Type of cell that functions in inflammation and allergic reactions
Definition
Mast cell
Term
Type of fiber found in aorta
Definition
Elastic
Term
Type of fiber found in the spleen and bone marrow
Definition
Reticular
Term
Type of CT found around organs that are working hard
Definition
Adipose
Term
Type of CT that supports most epithelia
Definition
Areolar
Term
Type of CT found in tendons and ligaments
Definition
Dense Regular
Term
Type of CT that makes up the dermis of the skin
Definition
Dense irregular
Term
Type of CT found in heart valves and tendon sheaths
Definition
Dense irregular
Term
Type of CT found in the cornea
Definition
Dense regular
Term
Type of cell that secretes collagen fibers
Definition
Fibroblast
Term
Wandering, phagocytotic cells found in CT are called
Definition
Macrophages
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Site responsible for ribosome synthesis
Term
S.E.R
Definition
Site responsible for lipid metabolism; detoxification
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Organelle that packages, modifies, and condenses proteins
Term
Peroxisome
Definition
Organelle containing powerful antioxidant enzymes
Term
Ligands
Definition
General term for molecules that bind to a specific receptor for transport
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Name for the process for taking in a large volume of fluid containing dissolved ions and small molecules
Term
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
The process of selecting specific macromolecules and engulfing them
Term
Gap Junction
Definition
Type of cell junction that permits rapid flow of ions or small molecules between adjacent cells
Term
Simple Columnar
Definition
Type of epithelium lining most of the digestive tract
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