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-Animals are genetically programed to perform certain behaviors
- Love bird nest making |
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| Rigid and can not be changed |
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-Behaviors changed by experiences
-Genes change for current conditions based in
-"Nature vs. Nurture"= gene vs. experience |
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-Behaviors b/c of genetics
-Often have to do with survival or reproduction
-Fixed action Patterns (FAP's)
-Sign stimulus |
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| a stimulus that causes a FAP |
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| Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) |
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Definition
-an unchanging behavioral sequence which must be done in its entirety
-Innate response to certain stimulus
-Allow the young to get a good chance
-Evolution has made it through once reproduction is successful, survival has a better chance
-Cannot be modified no matter what
-Ex: Goose and European Cuckoo |
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| -A change in behavior based on an experience |
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-A loss of response to a stimulus after repeated negative exposure
-an animal learns not to respond to an unimportant stimulus
-prevents an animal from engaging in a useless activity; good b/c it save energy
-Ex: Scare crow |
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-Learning that has been genetically limited to a specific time period
-Once it is set, it can not be changed
-Time period in which this occurs is called the critical period
-Ex: Baby goose |
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| Association/ Classical conditioning |
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Definition
-learning based in positive or negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement works better
-Negative reinforcement (porcupine or skunk)
-Ex: Dog |
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-Mimicking behavior of parents
-Trial and error for success
-Ex: hunting or pouncing (by all cats) |
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-True problem solving
-Ability to perform correct behavior on first attempt with prior experience
-Implies an ability to think (ah ha moment)
-Different types of other learning go into this
-Ex: Human beings and apes/monkeys |
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-Simply an adaptation that enhances survival
- reproduce more
-Learn;stay alive; reproduce more; survive
-Fine tunes an organism for real world |
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| -Regular movement of bunch of animals from one place to another at various times during the year |
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| Breeding, feeding, ....etc |
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-Most animals have to search for food
-Must set up a search image
-Safety in numbers |
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-need to know what they are chasing
-key in on one image of food in their head so they know what to go after |
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-Want to get most calories for energy spent
-Jaguars and the armadillos |
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-Time to chase, pounce, kill, and devour food)
- Want the shortest handling time |
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- Any interaction between 2 or more animals (usually of same species
-Very important in terms of reproduction and getting along with other members of the group |
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-Threats or fighting settle a dispute that arises
-Most of combat is ritualized (will fight without getting injured) |
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-pecking order
-top individuals beat those at the bottom if challenged
-set up to avoid continuous hierarchy
-Does not need to be reestablished
-Ex: Wolves |
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-Animal set up territories to defend places that have all or most of resources needed for survival
-Have everything needed to make a family; can enhance ability to attract female
-Males defend it |
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-Female has ways and behaviors of indicating that it is a female to relax male and keep it from beating females up in process of protecting territory
-Courtship rituals/behavior: to make sure they do not breed with wrong species; maintains pair bond |
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