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| two main periods of eukaryotic cell life |
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| cell grows; cell is carrying out biosynthetic activities that are characteristic for that cell |
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| centrosomes replicate and chromosomes begin condensing |
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| centrosomes move to opposite sides of nucleus, chromosomes finish condensing; mitotic spindle begins to form |
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| nuclear membrane breaks down; spindle fibers begin connecting to chromosomes at kinetochore protein |
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| when the spindles have adjusted their length so that all of the chromosomes are on the metaphase plate |
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| cohesin is dissolved and chromatids separate |
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| chromatids are at their respective poles; cytokinesis is occurring; nuclear membrane forms; chromosomes decondense |
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transition btwn. 2C-4C DNA
(mitosis and meiosis) |
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| G2, Prophase, Prometaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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| ordinary average of observations |
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| measures how spread out the observations are, starting from mean as center |
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| an average of the squared deviations of the individual oberservations from their mean |
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says that there is no difference btwn. the means of the 2 populations that our samples represent; the 2 samples came from the same source
*chance alone causes the difference in data collected |
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Term
Alternative Hypothesis
(H1) |
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Definition
says that there is a difference in the mean weights of the 2 populations of beans; difference in weights for samples is not due to variation
*differences in data collected are due to a real difference or factor |
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Term
| t ratio in a parametric test |
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Definition
t ratio is a comparison of the size of the difference btwn. the means of the 2 samples relative to how much uncertainty there is in the vaule of these means
*larger t ratio=more likely to reject null hypothesis |
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standard error of difference
(s12+s22)1/2
(n1 n2 )
s1=standard deviation of one sample
s2=standard deviation of other sample
n1=number in one sample
n1=number in other sample |
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strong evidence against null
*reject null |
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| degrees of freedom for t test: |
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# observations -2
n1+n2-2
n1=number beans
n2=number beans |
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result whe you simply categorize a thing or property
*t test is of no use for nominal measurements, only for ratio measurements |
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| non-parametric test; used for nominal measurements |
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(O-E)2
E
O=observed
E=expected
Add all values of the above to get X2 |
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good evidence against null; large difference btwn O and E
*reject null |
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Small difference btwn. O and E
*Accept null hypothesis |
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| Degrees of Freedom for Chi Test: |
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| rules by which offspring inherit characteristics from their parents |
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| process that produces cells which contain one chromosome from each pair of chromosomes that started the process |
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| cells that grow into gametophytes of familiar plants |
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| chromosomes of one gamete are added to the chromosomes of the other, restoring diploid number |
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| physical traits result from: |
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Definition
| genes and the environment |
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| location of gene on a chromosome |
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| same size and shape; same loci in same order |
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| two genes that occupy corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes |
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chromosomes are the street
the lots along the street is a locus
the lots contain houses, and the houses are alleles |
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| G1, Interkinesis, PII, MII AII, TII |
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| standard phenotype for Drosophila |
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Definition
wild type
*red eye color pr+ (dominant)
* smooth wings W+ (recessive)
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Term
| mutant phenotype for Drosophila |
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Definition
purple eye color "pr" (recessive)
wrinkled wings "W" (dominant) |
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Term
| difference btwn. male and female Drosophila |
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Definition
females are larger than males and have a fully striped abdomen
males have a solid black tipped body and have sex combs on their forelegs |
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| eye color genotypes of Drosophila |
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Definition
se+: red eye color
se: sepia eye color |
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| body color phenotype of Drosophila |
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Definition
brown: dominant
black: recessive |
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| wing genotype for Drosophila |
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Definition
vg+: wild type large wings
vg: mutant type vestigial wings |
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Term
| pigment color of Brassica rapa |
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Definition
ANL: allows purple color to appear (dominant)
anl: blocks pigment (recessive) |
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D: tall plant (dominant)
d: short plant (recessive) |
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| Leaf development of Brassica rapa |
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Definition
Ragged egdes: Rg (dominant)
smooth edges: rg (recessive) |
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Definition
| produces gene combinations in the gametes of an organism that are different from the gene combinations that were in the gametes that fused to make that organism |
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# recombinant / total # indiviauals X 100
PR=Map Distance cM |
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| seed color os Brassica rapa |
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Definition
normal seed color: C (dominant)
no seed color: c (recessive) |
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| Endosperm genotype of Brassica rapa |
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Definition
normal endosperm: Wx (dominant)
waxy endosperm: wx (recessive) |
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