Term
| 2 Major Ways of Exploring Biology |
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Definition
1. Discovery Biology
2. Experimental Biology (Scientific Method) |
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| 2 Theories Define Biological Science |
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Definition
-Cell Theory
-Theory of Evolution |
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Definition
-All living things are composed of cells
-All cells come from pre-existing cells
-Cells are the basic units of life |
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Definition
Robert Hooke- cellulae- dead cells
Leewenhoek-animalcules- sperm, pond water |
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| Where Do Cells Come From? |
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Definition
Pre-existing cells
-process called spontaneous generation |
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Definition
-Descent from a common ancestor (pattern)
-Darwin observed these patterns
-Modifications due to natural selection (survival of the fittest) |
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Definition
| heritable traits that increase fitness (the attribute to survive conditions & reproduce) |
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| Man chooses certain traits-used a lot in agriculture |
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Definition
BACTERIA
LUCA ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Last Universal Common Ancestor |
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Definition
(Linnaeus)
Domain
Kingdom
Phyllum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dumb King Phillip Can Order Free Grape Soda |
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Term
| Domain Bacteria & Domain Archaea |
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Definition
Prokaryotes (Prekernal)
-No nucleus
-No membraneous Organelles
-Single Celled Organisms |
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Definition
Eukaryotes (True Kernal)
-Have a nucleus
-Single or multi-celled
(Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals) |
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Definition
-cells
-energy (can capture and use)
-information (DNA, RNA)
-replication (species can survive)
-evolution (populations adapt) |
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Definition
| Breaking down components, build back up |
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Definition
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Multi-celled organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere |
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Term
| Theory of Chemical Evolution |
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Definition
Abiotic Synthesis
-One time spontaneous generation event |
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Term
| Building Blocks: Elements |
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Definition
-Fundamental basis of matter
-Cannot be broken down
-92 naturally occur
-Each is composed by 1 atom type |
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Term
| Most Common Elements in Living Organisms |
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Definition
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Make up 96% of all living things |
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Definition
| Make up less that .01% of living things |
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Term
| What Determines Element Behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Smallest particle that retain properties of an element
-Consists of subatomic particles
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons |
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Definition
-Found in nucleus
-1 amu
-defines the atom
- (+) POSITIVE CHARGE |
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Definition
-Found outside of nucleus
-No measurable weight
-Determines behavior
- (-) NEGATIVE CHARGE |
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Definition
-Found in nucleus
-1 amu
-Defines isotope
-NO CHARGE |
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Term
| To Be Electrically Neutral |
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Definition
| # of protons ALWAYS = # of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
-Symbol
-atomic number (# of protons) on bottom, NEVER CHANGES
-mass number (# of protons + neutrons) CAN CHANGE |
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Definition
| -atoms w/ variable # of neutrons -can make nucleus unstable because they emit energy particles |
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Term
| Electrons & Atom Behavior |
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Definition
-Determines if atoms will interact or bond
-Based off of numbers and arrangements |
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Definition
-Hold electrons
-electron shells
1st layer- max of 2 electrons
2nd, 3rd, 4th etc.- max of 8 electrons |
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Definition
-Valence Shell
-Full= Stability (Inert & Un reactive)
-Vacancies= Reactive (Not full)
-Valence - number of unpaired electrons |
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Definition
-Fill electron vacancies
-Covalent bonds (shared)
-Ionic bonds (transfer) |
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Definition
MOST STABLE
-atoms share a pair(s) of electrons to fill outermost shell
-bonds can be single, double, or triple |
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Definition
| Equal sharing of electrons |
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Definition
Unequal sharing of electrons
- Due to electronegativity |
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Definition
one atom has greater pull on electron
-leads to partial charge |
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Definition
-Molecular format
-Structural formulas
-Ball & Stick models
-Space filling models |
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Definition
-atoms transfer electrons
-changes proton; electron ratios |
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Definition
Charged atoms or molecules
-cation (+)
-anion (-)
Unalike charges attract forming bond |
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Definition
| 2 or more atoms bonded in a given ratio |
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Definition
| Sum of mass numbers of all atoms |
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Definition
| Stable yet continual shift from forward to reverse |
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Definition
The sum of chemical reactions
-how cells do work
-requires energy and and aqueous solution |
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Definition
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Definition
Stored
-Chemical -stored in bonds |
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Definition
In motion
-Thermal -molecular motion
Measured in temp
-Heat -uncontained energy
Transferred thermal energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred
2. Natural tendency toward disorder or ENTROPY |
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Term
| Organisms Can Increase Order By... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cells combine chemical reactions
-energy releasing reactions with energy requiring reactions |
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Definition
Release energy
-spontaneous |
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Term
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Definition
Require energy input
-non spontaneous |
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Term
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Definition
-essential to life
-66% of body weight
-exist in 3 physical states: solid, liquid, and gas |
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Definition
-Polarity
-Hydrogen bonding
-Solvent
-Cohesion
-Temperature stabilizing capabilities |
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Term
| Water is a Polar Covalent Molecule, Meaning.. |
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Definition
-no net charge
-leads to hydrogen bonding |
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Term
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Definition
-weak bonds between polar molecules or polar molecules and ions.
-break and reform easily
-strong in high numbers |
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Definition
-dissociates many solutes into solution
Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic |
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Definition
easily dissolved
-ions and polar molecules |
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Definition
do not dissolve
-non polar, water repels (i.e. oil) |
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| Cohesive and Adhesive Properties |
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Definition
-water sticks to itself and other polar/ charged stuff
-life is dependent on these properties
-cohesion creates surface tension
:water's property to resist breaking under pressure |
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Term
| Temperature Stabilizing Effects |
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Definition
| -high capacity to absorb heat energy |
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Term
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Definition
amount of energy necessary to raise one gram of water one degrees Celsius
-takes much energy to increase temperature |
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Term
| High Heat of Vaporization |
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Definition
| -much energy to convert from liquid to a gas |
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Term
| Temperature Stabilization: ICE |
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Definition
less dense than liquid water
causes it to float |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Hydrogen power
0-14
Neutral at 7
[H+] using logarithmic- goes up or down by 10 times |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that minimize pH shifts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bonding capacity
-covalent bonds
-can bond w/ up to 4 atoms
leads to diverse molecular shapes |
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Definition
| same molecular formula, but different structural formula |
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Term
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Definition
mirror images
(L-Dopa & D-Dopa) |
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Term
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Definition
-covalently bonded atoms or clusters of atoms
-gives carbon skeleton properties
-participates in chemical reactions
-gives molecular diversity |
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Term
| Stages of Chemical Evolution |
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Definition
1. Synthesis of organic molecules
2. Formation of "building blocks" :prebiotic soup
3. Polymerization of large molecules
4. Large molecules could replicate |
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Term
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Definition
-Large chain molecules consisting of smaller similar subunits (monomers)
-Linking process is polymerization
-Assembled and disassembled by 2 chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Condensation reaction: monomer in, water out
2. Hydrolysis: water in, monomer out |
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Term
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Definition
involved in cell structure and function
-structural; support
-storage; storage of amino acids
-transport; of other substances
-hormonal; coordination of an organism's activities
-receptor; response of cell to chemical stimuli
-contractile; movement
-defensive; protection against disease
-enzymatic; selective acceleration of chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
-folded polymers of amino acids
-diversity based on the arrangement of 20 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
Contain:
-Amine group
-Carboxyl group
-R group |
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Definition
-distinguishes each amino acid
-gives each amino acid specific properties
-determine reactivity and folding of polymer |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis: Polymerization |
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Definition
-Linking amino acid monomers together forming chains
-Peptide bonds form between the monomers
-Oligopeptides- 50 or less
-Polypeptides- 50 or more
-Upon interaction and folding ia a protein |
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Definition
-most diverse class of molecules for shape
-form fits function
-4 levels of organization (primary,secondary, tertiary, quaternary) |
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Definition
-Unique sequence of amino acids
-controls final shapes
-instructed by DNA
-single amino acid change disrupts the final shape and function |
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Term
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Definition
involves hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide's backbone
2 basic structures
-helix
-pleated sheets |
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Definition
| Binding between R groups form irregular contortions |
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Definition
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Definition
| collagen, tendons, ligaments |
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Definition
| a combination of two or more polypeptides interacting to form a single structure |
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Definition
Dependent on the cellular enviornment
-pH, temp, and salts
Molecular chaperones can facilitate folding |
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Term
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Definition
-infectious proteins (virus-like)
-proteins that are misfolded |
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Term
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Definition
-catalytic proteins- accelerate chemical reactions
-end in -ase
-one enzyme for one substrate (reactants)
-not consumed or altered by reaction
-maximize energy use |
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Term
| Chemical Reactions: Barriers |
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Definition
Energy barriers
-prevent spontaneous breakdown of reactants
Overcome barriers
-kinetic energy increases
-reactants collide and bonds break/reform: transition state |
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Term
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Definition
-decrease energy input necessary to reach the transition state
-lowers activation energy (energy required to initiate chemical reaction |
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Term
| Enzymes are Substrate Specific |
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Definition
| -each type of cellular reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
pocket for substrate binding
-induced fit occurs upon binding
-shape change of enzyme |
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Term
| Catalytic Cycle of an Enzyme |
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Definition
1. Initiation: Reactants bind for enzyme-substrate complex
2. Transition State Facilitation: enzyme induced fit lowers Ea
3. Termination: Products released, enzyme is unaltered |
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Term
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Definition
-inorganic metal ions
-organic molecules-coenzymes |
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Definition
-affected by pH, temp, and salts
-excess substrate |
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Definition
Competitive inhibition-something in the way
Allosteric inhibition-shape changes
-activation
-deactivation |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleotides' 3 Components |
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Definition
-5 Carbon Sugar
-Phosphate Group
-Nitrogen Base |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A-T,G-C
Double Helix-strands run anti parallel |
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Definition
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Definition
Occurs in 5 prime to 3 prime direction
Joined by phosphodiester bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| energy form phosphorylated molecules |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Strands separate-hydrogen bonds break
2. Complementary base pairing to template
3. Polymerization- sugar phosphate backbone is sealed |
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Term
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Definition
Single polynucleotide strand
carries out DNA instructions by complementary strands |
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Term
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Definition
-H-Bonding within a single strand
-3 types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
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