Term
| what are the two types of cells with structural differences? |
|
Definition
| prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| what organisms are prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are prokaryotes structural unique? |
|
Definition
| non-membrane bound organelles, peptidoglycan cell wall |
|
|
Term
| what organisms are eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are eukaryotes structurally unique? |
|
Definition
| nucleus, membrane bound organelles |
|
|
Term
| true/ false: all cells have a plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the plasma membrane regulate? |
|
Definition
| what enters and leaves the cell |
|
|
Term
| how do molecules cross the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osmosis will continue as long as there are more water molecules on one side of the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osmosis will continue to diffuse until there are equal numbers of molecules inside and outside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-same solute concentration in and out
-no net water flow-cells remain the same size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -more solute outside-water flows out-cells shrink |
|
Definition
| hypertonic, hyper kids pee in plants |
|
|
Term
| the shrinking of cytoplasm of a cell in response to diffusion of water out of the cell |
|
Definition
| plasmolysis, saline solution |
|
|
Term
| -more solute inside-water flow in-cells bloat-turgid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical, transport, chemical |
|
|
Term
energy must be added prior to the formation of products
-reactants (also referred to as substrates) are joined after energy is added |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of mechanical cellular work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of transport cellular work |
|
Definition
| pumping of molecules and ions across the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| example of chemical cellular work |
|
Definition
| pushing endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously |
|
|
Term
-energy is released following the formation of products
-Reactants (substrates) are joined and energy is given off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| states of chemical reactions |
|
Definition
| initial :reactants/ transitional: instability, bonds broken/ final: products |
|
|
Term
| the input of energy needed to get from the initial state to the transition state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers the activation energy, which speeds up the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do substrates (reactants) bind to on an enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a small conformational change that occurs so that the active site fits even more snuggly around the substrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes are what specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are enzymes consumed during a reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three things effect enzyme activity? |
|
Definition
| temperature, pH levels, and inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| excess heat can break down the bonds that maintain an enzyme’s structure |
|
Definition
| denaturation, can be reversed sometimes -> renaturation |
|
|
Term
| bind to the active site and block the substrate from entering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bind in a different place from the active site but cause a structural change to the enzyme and the active site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymes that perform the same function, but are slightly different and have different optimal temperatures and/or pH environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does iodine indicate the presence of starch |
|
Definition
| it turns blue/black, slides into starch coil to give color |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients, such as Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Ammonia can be transferred from oceans to land (including intertidal pools) by way of seabird |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is bird guano good for plants? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen and Phosphorous are important nutrients for plant growth |
|
|
Term
| how is bird guano bad for plants? |
|
Definition
| Ammonia can inhibit seed germination |
|
|
Term
| the sum of all chemical processes occurring within an organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
production of molecules for building tissues such as muscle and bone
-requires energy (ATP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the breaking down of molecules into various components
-release of energy from the breaking of chemical bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process by which cells generate ATP from the energy stored in glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two major modes of generating ATP |
|
Definition
| cellular respiration, fermentation |
|
|
Term
aerobic: uses oxygen
-generates 36-38 ATP
-three parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three parts of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
-glycolysis: 2 ATP
-Citric acid cycle: 2 ATP
-Oxidative Phosphorylation: 32-34 ATP |
|
|
Term
-anaerobic: doesn’t use oxygen
-generates 2 ATP
-2 kinds of fermentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of fermentation |
|
Definition
| lactic acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation |
|
|
Term
| lactic acid is the byproduct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ethanol and CO2 are byproducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glucose is broken down into pyruvate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does glycolysis happen |
|
Definition
| cellular respiration, fermentation |
|
|
Term
| how much ATP does glycolysis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a minute life form; any organism of microscopic size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
require O2 for growth
-grow close to the loose fitting cape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
growth ceases in presence of O2
-grow farthest away from loose fitting cap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
both aerobic and anaerobic growth
-growth throughout tube
-more growth closer to loose cap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-facultative anaerobes
-prefer an O2 rich environment
-switch to fermentation if no O2 is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-its enzymes are able to metabolize sugars via alcohol fermentation
-produce CO2, which causes dough to rise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
also breaks down sugars via alcohol fermentation
-produces ethanol and CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three different sugars used in lab |
|
Definition
-glucose
-maltose
-fructose |
|
|
Term
| use amount of CO2 present in lab to |
|
Definition
| measure metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
| two factor experimental design |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-“self-feeders”
-are able to transform inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic compounds such as glucose
-are the producers of the biosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-“other-feeders”
-must ingest organic forms of carbon (i.e. other organisms)
-are the consumers of the biosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs |
|
|
Term
| use energy from reactions of inorganic compounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-use sunlight as their energy source via a process of photosynthesis
-use light energy to drive synthesis of organic molecules from carbonic dioxide and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-inorganic carbon (which cannot be used to generate ATP) is converted into organic carbon (glucose)
-occurs in plants, algae, and in some bacteria and protists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two parts of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| light dependent reactions, light independent reactions |
|
|
Term
-are carried out in thykaloid membranes
-within the chloroplasts
-pigments within capture light
-convert light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADHP
-split H2O and release O2 to the atmosphere |
|
Definition
| light dependent reactions |
|
|
Term
-take place in the stroma
-use ATP and NADHP to convert CO2 to the sugar G3P
-return ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADHP+ to the light dependent reactions
-Calvin cycle |
|
Definition
| light independent reactions |
|
|
Term
| CO2 from the atmosphere is captured and modified by the addition of hydrogen to form carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| calvin cycle, carbon fixation |
|
|
Term
| what does the calvin cycle use to operate? |
|
Definition
| occurs through the use of ATP and NADHP from light-dependent reactions |
|
|
Term
| Chloroplasts are believed to have evolved from |
|
Definition
| a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and an eukaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
| light provides electrons for the production of ATP (used by the light-independent reactions) |
|
Definition
| light-dependent reactions |
|
|
Term
use ATP (generated by light-dependent reactions) to make glucose
-example of anabolism |
|
Definition
| light-independent reactions |
|
|
Term
used to separate a mixture into its component molecules
-molecules migrate up the paper at different rates
-due to differences in polarity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what moves up the fastest to slowest up chromotography paper |
|
Definition
carotene
-Xanthropyll
-Chlorophyll a
-Chlorophyll b |
|
|
Term
-are chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands
-nearly all are part of Alaska
-the Commander Islands belong to Russia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uses key species grown under controlled conditions to test the effects of specific variables on plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| central ideas of evolution |
|
Definition
has a history – has changed over time
-different species have common ancestors |
|
|
Term
| evolution with a single branch within the evolutionary tree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an ancestral population splits into two new groups that evolve independently of one another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| represents the evolutionary relationships among a set of organisms or groups of organisms called a taxa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| represent groups of descendent taxa (often species) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| represent the common ancestor of the groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two descendents that split from the same node are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a taxon outside the group of interest is called an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendents (living and extinct) of that ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a group comprised of one ancestor and all its descendents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| includes parts from different monophyletic groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukarya, archaea, bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prokaryote mode of nutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two major structures of prokaryotes |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan cell wall, circular chromosome |
|
|
Term
| true/ false: all protists have nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterotrophic, autotrophic, and mixotrophic |
|
|
Term
| where do most protists live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are protists monophyletic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are protists monophyletic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of locomotion used by protists |
|
Definition
| flagella, cilia, and pseudopods |
|
|
Term
| endiosymbiosis in protists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cyanobacteria + heterotrophic eukaryote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular
-all are aquatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-> origins of land plants
-are the green algae mostly related to land plants |
|
|
Term
-> early vascular plants appear
- have gametangia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
house egg or sperm
-egg or sperm surrounded by a jacket of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-> early seed plants appear
-vascular system |
|
|
Term
| ->radiation of flowering plants, have seeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have developing seed within an ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes produce one another |
|
Definition
| alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
haploid
-produce eggs and sperm that fuse to produce a diploid stage, the sporophyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
diploid
-produce airborne spores via meiosis
-spores grow into the gametophyte generation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most conspicuous stage in moss life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-gametophyte dominance
-sporophyte dependence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-reduction of gametophyte
-independence of sporophyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-microscopic gametophytes
-protection by sporophyte tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants produce one kind of spore, which usually gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of homospory organisms |
|
Definition
| bryophytes and most pteridophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterospory- mega and microsporangia |
|
|
Term
| produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| produce microsporophylls that give rise to male gametophytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples our heterspory organisms |
|
Definition
| some lycopods (club mosses) and all seed plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-diploid between fertilization and meiosis to make spores
-haploid after spore production till fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angiosperms and gymnosperms |
|
|
Term
| food reserves in gymnosperms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (derived from parent sporophyte) = 2n |
|
|
Term
| seeds are housed in fruits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in angiosperms -food supply
-3n -> triploid |
|
|
Term
| where are pollen grains found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which are rings of leaves |
|
|
Term
| how many whorls in a flower? |
|
Definition
-1. The sepal on the outside
-2. The petals lying inside the sepal
-3. The stamens enclosed by the pedals
-4. The carpal in the center of the flower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solitary or inflourescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dry fruit splits at maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| remains closed at maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple, aggregate, multiple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many ovaries from a single flower, raspberry |
|
|
Term
| many ovaries from many flowers |
|
Definition
| multiple fruit, pineapple |
|
|
Term
flower plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons
-beans
-vascular tissue ring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flower plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledons
-corn
-no vascular tissue ring, spread out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wings
-animal feces
-animal fur |
|
|
Term
-alternation of generations with a multicellular sporophyte that is dependent on gametophyte resources
-spores |
|
Definition
| phylogeny between charophyceans and bryophytes |
|
|
Term
| between bryophytes and pteridophytes |
|
Definition
| sporophyte becomes independent of gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| between pteridophytes and gymnosperms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endosperm/ fruits and flowers |
|
Definition
| between gymnosperms and angiosperms |
|
|
Term
| terrestrial adaptations that distinguish land plants from charophycean algae |
|
Definition
| apical meristems, multicellular dependent embryos, alternation of generations, multicellular gametangia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces and retains egg cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-absorb water and nutrients
-provide anchorage and support
-site of energy (starch) storage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-root cap
-zone of cell division
-zone of elongation
-zone of maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| points at which leaves are attached |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stem segments between nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the structure which has the potential to form a lateral shoot (branch) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
primary growth point (contains apical meristem)
-also known as terminal bud
-at top of stem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have a circular xylem and phloem formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have spread out xylem and phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
main photosynthetic organ
-generally consists of a flattened blade and a stalk (petiole)
-can also be modified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-outer protective covering of plant
-consists of epidermis
-usually a single layer of tightly packed cells |
|
Definition
| dermal tissue system in leaves |
|
|
Term
-waxy coating
-provides protective barrier against water loss
-can also hinder gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- openings (pores) on the underside of leaf
-allow gas exchange
-can be opened and closed by guard cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when turgid (full of water) they open
-when flaccid (lack water) they close |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transports water and dissolved materials upwards from the roots to the shoots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function in both water transport and support, part of xylem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracheids, vessel elements |
|
|
Term
| specialized for water transport, xylem part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transports organic nutrients (sugars) downwards from leaves to roots or to developing leaves and fruits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sieve tube elements, campanion cells |
|
|
Term
| living elongated cells arranged end to end for conduction of sugar in phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| move sugars and amino acids into and out of the sieve elements in phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the central core of tissue in the stem or root of a vascular plant , consisting of xylem and phloem together with supporting tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these structures: roots, stem, and leaves are where what differ from pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-small in stature because they lack lignified vascular tissue
-no true leaves or roots
-live primarily in moist habitats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the loss of water vapor from leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as water molecules evaporate through the plant’s stomata |
|
Definition
| more water molecules are pulled upward |
|
|
Term
| water molecules are attracted to other water molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water molecules are attracted to other materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces
-have a dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) surface
-no front, back, left, or right sides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-only have one plane (sagittal plane) that will divide the organism into roughly mirror image halves
-cephalization appears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-first found in Eumetozoa
-sponges are animals with no tissues and no symmetry |
|
Definition
| animals can be defined by presence or absence of tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ectoderm (epidermis of skin), mesoderm (notochord), endoderm (liver) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-anus develops from blastopore first
-fate of cells is not determined early on
-second opening developed is mouth |
|
Definition
| radial cleavage -> deuterostomes |
|
|
Term
| -mouth develops from blastopore first |
|
Definition
| spiral cleavage -> protostomes |
|
|
Term
-budding in hydra
-parthenogenesis in whiptail lizards |
|
Definition
| examples of asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
-sex that produces sperm
-can be heterogametic (XY), homogametic (ZZ in birds) or haploid in bees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-sex that produces eggs
-can homogametic (XX), heterogametic (ZW in birds) or diploid in bees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-zygote
-2/4/8 cell stages
-blastula
-gastrula
-early organogenesis
-late organogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal pole on top, vegetal pole on bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of neural tube |
|
|
Term
| homeotic genes that control the form of anterior and posterior structures of the body occur in the same linear sequence on chromosomes in both species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
length of body, up and down
-dorsal and ventral portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
length of body, side to side
-left and right portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
up and down, through middle
-cranial and caudal portions
-“cross section” |
|
|
Term
| digestive system in animals with bilateral symmetry |
|
Definition
| there is a gut tube that runs from the mouth to the anus |
|
|
Term
| digestive tract in animals with radial symmetry |
|
Definition
there is only one opening into which food goes in and waste comes out
-this chamber is known as the gastrovascular cavity |
|
|
Term
| three major functions of circulatory system |
|
Definition
-gas exchange
-nutrient distribution
-waste removal |
|
|
Term
-oxygen enters through small openings (spiracles) along the abdomen
-the heart circulates the hemolymph, but not through a system of closed vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the heart circulates blood through a closed system of vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how oxygen enters closed circ. system |
|
Definition
-through the skin
-through gills
-through lungs |
|
|
Term
| arthropod characteristics |
|
Definition
-bilateral symmetry
-segmented body
-hard exoskeleton
-jointed legs
-many pairs of limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crustacea, hexapoda, myriapoda, trilobites, cheliceriforms |
|
|
Term
| major body sections of hexapods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two parts of mammalian circulatory system |
|
Definition
| pulmonary system and systemic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-heart to lungs, lungs to heart
-picks up oxygen from the lungs and gets rid of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
-heart to body, body to heart
-delivers oxygen to tissues and picks up waste carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-collects blood that is delivered from lungs
-on right of diagram
-pulmonary veins bring blood from lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chambers in a mammalian heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-on right, bigger/ lower part
-pumps blood to body through aorta
-very muscular so as to generate enough pressure to pump blood through the system circuit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-on left, top
-collects blood from body from vena cava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
on left, bottom
-pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery |
|
|
