Variable that is messed with by the experimenter.

Example: various fertilizers being used in a tomato experiment. 

Variable that changes due to changes in the independent variable. Example: tomatoes gained from using a certain fertilizers on plants. 

Example: output of tomatoes in tomato experiment

Variables that are held constant throughout the experiment.

Example: amount of water given to each plant is being held constant for all plants when testing fertilizer during tomato experiment.

control variable

Variables that are held constant so you can measure against them after the experiment is done.

Example: A group of tomato plants that are not given any fertilizer whatsoever in the tomato experiment.

Level of Treatment

Appropriate values used for the independent variable.

Example: 5 cups, 10 cups, 20 cups of fertilizer in a tomato experiment.

The number of times an experiment is repeated. This is used to make sure that an experiment is statistically valid. 

Procedure

What one does to measure the output of the dependent variable in the experiment. 

Statement of expected results based on hypothesis. It usually has an if/then structure.

Example: "If the hypothesis is correct, fertilizer C is going to create the most tomatoes."

Hypothesis

A theorized explanation of an observation. This is the third step in the scientific process. This comes after one makes an observation and a question. This should be testable and falsifiable. 

Example: Fertilizer C will create the most tomatoes. 

Question

The second stage in the scientific process. After one as observed an event, they develop a question as to why that event happened. Generally speaking, good questions are well-defined, controllable, and testable.

Example: Why are more tomatoes resulting from the use of fertilizer C? 

Experiment

Fourth step of the scientific process. This is used to test whether or not the hypothesis is true. 

Example: using various fertilizers on different tomato plants to see if fertilizer C is the one that creates the most tomatoes. 

The last stage of the scientific process. This is a statement on whether or not the hypothesis is true. 

Example: After the experiment, Fertilizer C on average resulted in 3 more tomatoes per a plant. This leads me to beleive that my hypothesis is correct. 

The top of the table

Underneath the x-axis (bottom) of the graph. 

x-axis (bottom)

y-axis (left/vertical)

-9 units from base (10^-9)

1ng=.000,000,001g

Micro (µ)

-6 units from base (10^-6)

1µg=.000,001g

-3 units from base (10^-3)

1mg=.001g

-2 units from base (10^-2)

1cg=.01g

-1 units from base (10^-1)

1dg=.1g

Deca (da)

1 units from base (10¹)

1dag=10g

2 units from base (10²)

1hg=100g

Kilo (k)

3 units from base (10³)

1kg=1,000g

6 units from base (10⁶)

1Mg=1,000,000g

Used to measure volume. 

Used to measure mass.

Used to measure length and somtimes volume when one is calculating an a non-liquid object using the length*width*height =__m³ formula. 

Setting a balance to zero so you do not include an object that you want in the calculated mass.

Used to measure mass. 

Beaker and Flask

Objects designed to hold or store liquids.

Largest volume measurement tool. Used to measure volumes that are over 50% of its capacity. To read this correctly you have to read the level of fluid at the bottom of the meniscus (the concave bit at the top of the fluid in question)

Used to measure medium/smaller amounts of liquid volume. Do not use this a liquid that is less than 50% of its capacity. 

Micropipettors

Smallest volume measurer. Used to measure volumes of 1mL or less. 

Used to measure really high or really low numbers. This is calculated by moving a decimal to the right of the leftmost number and then multiplying it by 10 to the power of however many spaces you used to do so. (In this class we cut out after the second decimal. 

For example:

5,230,000,000 = 5.23*10⁹

.000,000,523 = 5.23*10^-7

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Iodine

Iodine starts off as amber and turns blueish black in the presence of starch. 

Reducing sugar

Monosaccharides or disaccharides which have a free aldehyde group (-CHO) that can be oxidized. 

A polymer of glucose (meaning that it is a chain of glucose molecules) that is commonly found in plants. 

Benedict's Reagent

Benedict's reagent starts off as blue and then turns either green, yellow, orange, or red-orange (depending on concentration) if reducing sugars are present.

Onions have more reducing sugars than potatos. 

Building block of a molecule

Biuret test

The biuret test initially is blue, and turns violet in the presence of protein.