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Definition
Macromolecule
Polymer of amino acid monomers.
Most elaborate and diverse of life's molecules.
Account for more than 50% of dry weight of most cells |
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Definition
consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners
Three bonds are common to all 20 amino acids:
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amino group (-NH2)
Hydrogen atom
Fourth bond of the central carbon is the R group (radical group) |
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| radical group attached to an amino acid that gives it special chemical properties |
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| Bond between amino acids resulting in a long chain of amino acids |
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| long chain of amino acids consisting of peptide bonds |
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| polymer consisting of one or more polypeptides |
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| primary protein structure |
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Definition
amino acid sequence "the spelling" of a polypeptide
polypeptide chain
causes the protein to its functional shape |
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Definition
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure |
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| secondary protein structure |
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Definition
ONE polypeptide chain that forms:
alpha helix
pleated sheet
re-inforced by hydrogen bonds |
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| tertiary protein structure |
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Definition
ONE polypeptide chain
the next level of the three dimensional shape - polypeptide chain, alpha helix and pleated sheet together |
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| quaternary protein structure |
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Definition
| proteins with two or more polypeptide chains |
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| protein's shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment, unfavorabile temperature change, pH or other quality of the environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape. |
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macromolecules that store information and provide the instructions for building proteins
polymers of nucleotides |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material that humans and other organisms inherit from their parents |
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| specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of of a polypeptide |
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Definition
Center is a five carbon sugar,deoxyribose
attached to the sugar is negatively charged phosphate group (PO4-)
nitrogen containing base:
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
cytosine (C) |
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Term
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Definition
Center is a five carbon sugar, ribose
attached to the sugar is negatively charged phosphate group (PO4-)
nitrogen containing base:
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U) |
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Definition
| repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate with the bases (A, T, C, or G) hanging off the backbone like appendages |
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| double stranded molecule of cellular DNA wrapped around each other |
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Definition
light microscope (LM)
electronmicroscope(EM)
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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Definition
used by Renaissance scientists and same kind of microscope found in most biology classrooms
Uses visible light projected through a live specimen |
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| two major categories of cells |
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Definition
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Definition
found in organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea
known as prokaryotes
contains a nucleoid, not a nucleus |
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Definition
found in organisms of the domain Eukarya - protists, plants, fungi and animals
known as eukaryotes |
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Definition
plasma membrane
cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes |
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Definition
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Definition
| thick, jellylike fluid inside the cell |
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| build proteins according to instructions from the genes |
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first life on earth, 3.5 billion years ago
much smaller - 1/10th length of eukaryotic cell
simpler in structure - no nucleus - nucleoid area |
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Definition
2.1 billion years ago
bigger and more complex in structure |
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only in eukaryotic cells
membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions |
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| area of prokaryotic cell where DNA is coiled into a "nucleus like" region, not partitioned from the rest of the cell |
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prokaryotic cell: interior
eukaryotic cell: entire region of theA cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane |
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Definition
CENTRIOLE
LYSOSOME
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane
mitochondrion
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
golgi apparatus
nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
CENRAL VACUOLE
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
mitochondrion
nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
ribosomes
golgi apparatus |
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| plasma membrane structure |
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Definition
composed mostly of phospholipids and proteins
one phosphate - two fatty acid tails
phosphate head is hydrophilic - tails are hydrophobic, creating a chemical ambivalence in their interactions with water |
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Definition
related to dietary fats but only have two fatty acid tails instead of three
electrically charged, making it hydrophilic, but the two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.
chemical ambivalence in their interactions with water- phosphate head mixes with water, but the tail avoids it |
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Term
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Definition
two-layered membrane
hydrophobic fatty acid tails of the molecules stay in the membrane interior away from water, while the hydrophilic phospholipid heads remain surrounded by water inside and outside the cell
embedded in the bilayer of most membranes are proteins that help regulate traffic |
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Definition
| fluid because the molecules can move freely past one another and a mosaic because of the diversity of proteins that float like icebers in the phospholipid sea |
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Definition
animal cells - secrete a sticky coat called the extracellular matrix
holds cells together in tissues |
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| animal cells - connects cells together into tissues |
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Definition
separated by a double membrane
contains DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called chromatin |
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Definition
double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
pores in the nuclear envelope allow certain materials to pass through |
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| each fiber constitutes one chromosome (humans contain 46 chromosomes, rice 24, dogs 78) |
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| prominent structure within the nucleus, where ribosomes are made |
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responsible for protein synthesis
components are made in the nucleus and transported through the pores into the cytoplasm
ribosmes attach to the oustide of the nucleus or the endoplasmic reticulum |
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| makes proteins that are incorporated into membranes and secreted by the cell |
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1. DNA programs protein production into the cytoplasm by transferring its coded information to a molecule called messenger RNA
2. mRNA exits through pores in the nuclear envelope and travels to the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes
3.the ribosome moves along the mRNA, translating the genetic message into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence |
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Definition
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles
partions the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
one of the main manufacturing facilities within the cell
connected to the nuclear envelope, forms an extensive labyrinth of tubes and sacs running throughout the cytoplasm
two components: rough and smooth - physically connected but differ in structure and function |
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Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
ribosomes that stud the outside of its membrane
one function is to make more membrane, phospholipids are made by enzymes of the rough ER and are inserted into the membrane, growing the ER membrane
Portions of this membrane are transferred to other parts of the cell
salivary glands contain lots of rough ER |
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Term
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Definition
| sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER |
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Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
lacks the ribosomes on the membrane
responsible for synthesis of lipids, including steroids
in liver cells = enzymes of the smooth ER detoxify circulating sedatives such as barbiturates, stimulants and some antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
organelle that receives, refines, stores and distributes chemical products of the cell
receives products from the ER in a transport vesicle
consists of a stack of membrane plates
1) one side of the stack serves as a receiving dock for vesicles from the ER
2) proteins are usually modified by enzymes during their transit from the receiving to the shipping side of the golgi
3) shipping side of a stack is a depot from which finished products can be carried in transport vesicles to other organelles or to the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
membrane enclosed sca of digestive enzymes found in animal cells
absent from most plant cells
develop vesicles that bud off from the golgi apparatus
enzymes within a lysosome can break down large molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids
provides a compartment where the cell can digest these molecules safely without unleashing the digestive enzymes onto the cell itself |
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Definition
| large sacs of membrane that bud from the ER, Golgi apparatus or plasma membrane |
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Definition
more than half the volume of a mature plant cell
versatile compartment, stores organic nutrients (ex: proteins stockpiled in the vacuoles of seed cells)
also contributes to plant growth by absorbing water and causing cells to expand
in flower petal cells, may contain pigments that attract pollinating insects
may also contain poisons that protect against plant-eating animals |
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Term
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Definition
PLANT CELLS
photosynthetic cells of plants and algae, performs photosynthesis
contains own DNA that encodes some of their own proteins
it is believed to have evolved from free-living prokaryotes in the distant past |
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Definition
1) space between membranes
2) stroma - thick fluid within chloroplast
3) grana - network of membrane-enclosed disks and tubes |
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Definition
| chloroplasts solar power packs, trap light and convert it to chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
organelle of cellular respiration in nearly all cells
harvests energy from sugars and uses it to produce another form of chemical energy called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
contains own DNA that encodes some of their own proteins
it is believed to have evolved from free-living prokaryotes in the distant past |
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| direct energy source for most cell work |
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| thick fluid inside the mitochondrion |
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Definition
numerous infoldings inside the inner membrane of mitochonrion envelope
many enzymes and other molecules that function in cellular respiration are embedded in the inner membrane
maximizs ATP output |
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Definition
infrastructure of the cell
network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
serves as both skeleton and "muscles" for the cell, functioning in support and movement
nucleus is held in place by sytoskeletal cage of filaments, other organelles move along tracks made from microtubules
(ex: lisosome reaches food vacuole by taking many small "baby steps" along a microtubule track) |
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Definition
straight, hollow tubes composed of proteins contained in the cytoskeleton
guide the movement of chromosomes when cells divide |
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Definition
quickly dismantles in one part of the cell by removing protein subunits and re-form in a new location by reattaching the subunits
can change location, shape or even cause the whole cell or some par of its parts to move
contributes to amoeboid (crawling) movements of the protist Amoeba and some of our white blood cells |
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Definition
shorter and more numerous than flagella and promote movement by a coordinated back and forth motion
some animal cells
almost never found on plant cells |
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Definition
propel cells through their undulating, whiplike motions
often occur singly, such as sperm cells, but may also appear in groups on the outer surface of protists
some animal cells
almost never found on plant cells |
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