Biological Psychology is _____________________________________________________________________________________

What are the four categories of theories for Biological psychology

We act as we do because of the structure of the human brain, its chemistry and the multiple influences upon it.

Biological psychology  has four main areas of theory the 

Physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, functional explanations. 

Physiological explanation

Genes, nutrition, experience that develops over time

Genes-2 copies one from each parent, are on the Chromosomes,

Trait that will show up even if matched with a non matching homozygous or hetrozygous to show phenotype

Mutations are caused by______________

what part are SNP's

Mutation are caused by screw ups that add or delete sequences from DNA.  Do not know if they are bad or good till post hoc refernce. 

SNP's- Single Neuclotide Polymorphisim

happens over long time, used to tract genetic linage back to farthest ancestors.  Normally tracked through mitochondrial

Helping others decreases your personal resources only humans do this.  Why?  Because helping is the best way to ensure your genetic survival especially in family. 

KIN Selection

Evolutionary psychology 

any behavior characteristic of a species arouse through natural selection and presumable provided some advantage, at least in ancesteral times. 

Animal Model 

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantage

• Not using human guine pigs
• flies, worms, mice have shorter life spans than humans and track changes as they occure
• Disadvantages
• Not human
• Different reactions 
• not rational

Transcription occurs from the DNA to the RNA inside the neucleus

Translation happens after the RNA has moved out of the Nucleus to translated to the rest of the cell. 

Protien folding 

What types are there and what do they look like?  

Structural

       tau, spectrin, microtubules, neurofilaments

Enzymes

       Proteases, kinases, telomerase

Receptors-  signaling pathways

               Neurotransmission

Lipids

Are what and what type is important to cellular function

Phosopholipids function is__________________

What is the phosophlipids structure inside the cell

Phosopholipids function by creating the membrane around the outer cell and around the organells. 

The structure method that the phosopholipids use is a bilayer arranged in with hydrophobic heads pointing out

and Hydrophilic tails pointing in creating an effective water tight seal

Crossing Bilayer  

What can cross without help.

Small ions can cross, large molecules that are lipophilic can go through and water can cross to stablize the concentration gradiant. 

Water crosses through membrane channels across concentration gradiant

Large molecules that are lipophobic do not get through without help.

Crossing the bilayer

With help

Water can pass through using passive diffusion across membrane protien channels as does ions that are lipophilic

Some drugs are now designed to cross via protien channel 

Large molecules cannot diffuse or use protien channels they must be brought in through by active carrier mechanism

receptor cells look for good things (protiens) to grab and take into the cell from the body.

This is a gate that viruses use.  They mimick a protien that will trick the receptor cell into getting it.  We are now hijacking viruses to deliver medication into the cell.

Cytoplasm 

is mainly ___________ but more like a ______.

Supports_______________ organells.

Contains________ and ___________ molecules.

Stores___________  __________ materials 

Endoreticulum

Is a network of __________________.  Site of _________ ___________ e.g. _______,_________,_____________.

Smooth ER is site of _____________, _______of_____,

and ______________.

Rough ER ___________ e.g. ______________ _______

protiens

Network of interconnected closed membranes.  Site of protien processing  glycolsylation, folding, disulfide-bridge.

Smooth ER synthesises and mebatolises fatty acids and phosopholipids.

Rough ER is site that makes secretory proteins, e.g. plasma proteins. 

Golgi

Proteins _______ _____ ___on them in here after they go through the _______ ER.  These ________ mark the _________ _________ of protiens

Is the ________  __________ of posttransistional modification on proteins.  

Protiens have target slapped on them in here after they go through the rough ER.  These targets mark the 

Protien destination of proteins. 

Is the traffic police  of posttransistional modification on proteins. 

Which organells participate in post transcription of protiens.

What do they do for the protiens?

• Golgi packages the protiens, (refolds the sheets)
• Lysosomes digest protiens, lipids, and carbohydrates. Transports undigested materials to cell membrane for removal.  Varies in shape varies depending on the capacity it is functioning in.  lysosome explodes, cell breaks down. 
• Mitochondria recycles decomposed protiens, fats and carbs

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Consist of Smooth and Rough sides. Each side has a specialized functions.  What are they and how do they interact with the cell 

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:  is studded with protien manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).  Ribsomes bind to the ER only when it beings to synthesize protien. 
• Smooth ER responsible for synthesizing lipids, phosopholipids and steriods
  

Mitochondria

Why is it the power house of the body?  And how does it allow mothers to pass on the family line and not fathers. 

• Produces ATP:  ATP is the chemical energy that powers all cellular metabolic functions
• Has it's own DNA that is passed on from the mother.  Is able to reproduce independantly of the cell.

Nucleus

• What does the Nucleus contain?
• Does it do anything other than make you libel if you leave it as evidence behind? 

• Contains DNA in eukaryotes.membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is thenucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried.
• mRNA is converted to protiens on the Rough ER next to it. Cystolic protiens synthesized on the free ribhosomees.
• membrane targeted protiens land on the rough ER

The garbage trucks of a cells inner community. 

What truck modles are involved and what do they dispose of?

Lysosomes and Proteasoms model contains enzymes for breaking down protiens, nucleic acids and poly saccharides. Proteasome is involved in protien degradation.

              Full of acid hydrolases,  low pH, DNA

               deals with cell surface membrain protiens that are used in recieptor-mediated endocytosis. 

Proteasome:Not a true organell. deals with endogenus protiens.  It is involved in refolding sheets of protien.  Protien needs refoldings when viruses, translation errors, faulty genetics or just damaged by age enviroment whatever

Proteasome

What roles does Ubiquitin play with proteasomes?  

• [image]

small protien 76 amino acids

used throughout all kingdoms of life to target protiens for distruction (76 amino aci 

Glia functions how

 glue, insulation, of the Brain

• Myelin: the insulating sheath that wraps the axon and increases conduction velocity of the axons(fiber optics).  Prevents cross talk or zaps between cells
• guide neronal migration during development
• regulates the neuronal microenviroment

Makes extra cellular space

take up neurotransmitter

removes neuronal debris after cell injury

Two strands one from each parent.

Mothers is always x, dad's is x or y

Composes the DNA

A trait genetically determined by an allelelocated on the sex chromosome

Twin Studies 

Advantage and Disadvantages

Can help us distinguish Nature vs Nurture

Cannot seperate twins for our own desires

Limited number to research

Fact bases ideo of what a behavior or phenom is based upon  empirical study.

Must (1) it must describe a behavior and (2) make predictions about future behaviors.  

Oligodendrocyte

type of glia that  They are a variety ofneuroglia. Their main functions are to provide support and to insulate the axons 

PAD

Pia

Arachnoid

Dura

Microtubules play a huge role in movement within a cell. They form the spindle fibers that manipulate and separate chromosomes during

Also supplies structure and support to organels, and transports

Cerebral

Cortex

Thoughts

Voluntary Movement

Languag

Movement

Posture

Balance

Brainstem 

Includes the medulla, pons,tectum 

Breating CNS

Circadian Rhythymes

body Temp

Emotion regulator

Thrist

Sensory Intergaration

Motor Intergration

the cell must depolarize to -55 to trigger

All or None

Excititory makes is fire quicker

Inhibitory cell goes takes a nappy

1) to keep the brain tissue buoyant, acting as a cushion or "shock absorber";

2) to act as the vehicle for delivering nutrients to the brain and removing waste; and

3) to flow between the cranium and spine to compensate for changes in intracranial blood volume 

Fight or Flight

Norepinhepherine

Rest and digest

Acetyle Choline

Thinning axon diameter with age (myelin loss)

Ion Channel dysfunction 

Decreased Neurotransmitters, fewer recepters

Altered re-uptake or metabolism

Calcium response altered

Low energy production

Poor Neurotransmitter production

(Like when you have low ferritin)

Neural circuit disruption

RIL

Reduced neuronal plasticity

Imbalance of excitatory vs inhibitory

Loss of dedrites, neurons, axons

General system failures in neural tissues

the reductionist theory

Reduced,

Motivation 

Blood Supply

Speed of sensory & Motor

Brain anatomy names

Gyrus

Sulcus

Fissure

Near is playing suduko that trains a little domain 

Far Transfer is training across the domains

 loose the nerve and instead of sprouting they may up there nerve intake to compensate for the loss of nerve tissue

Phantom nerve pain, phantom limb swear you moved your arm, but you have no arm

Resting at -70, Sodium is kept safely outside

the Information man stimulates us out of the depolar depression

 at -55 we finally find our action potential and open the threshold and the Sodium is let inside.

We must open the threshold door all the way or none

the postive sodium chases the deep polar depession away

Must be made in transmitting neuron

And must be released by that neuron

neurotransmitters can be inactivated by reuptake transport protiens, 

Or by enzymes like MOA or 

acetylcholinesterase

Stem Cells 

Differentiation