Term
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Definition
| A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory information from the neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and sends projections to the basal, accessory basal, and central nucleus of the amygdala. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the amygdala that receives information from the basal, lateral, and accessory basal nuclei and sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain; involved in emotional responses. |
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Term
| conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
| A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neural stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus; usua;;y includes autonomic, behavioral, and endrocrine components such as changes in heart rate, freezing, and secretion of stress-related hormones. |
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Term
| ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) |
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Definition
| The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline; plays an inhibitory role in the expression of emotions. |
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Term
| volitional facial paresis |
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Definition
| Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of movement of the facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily; cuased by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, subcortical white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of emotion that suggests that behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors and responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning to recognize a particular stimulus or the ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before. |
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Term
| stimulus-response learning |
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Definition
| Learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical and instrumental conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A learning procedure; when a stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by an unconditioned stimulus that produces a defensive or appetitive response (the unconditional response), the first stimulus (now called a conditional stimulus) itself evokes the response (now called a conditional response). |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that the cellular basis of learning involve strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires. |
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Term
| instrumental conditioning |
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Definition
| A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent. |
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Term
| long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input |
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Term
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Definition
| A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon's horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum. |
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Term
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Definition
| An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons. |
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Term
| associative long-term potentiation |
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Definition
| A long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in long-term potentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-amno-5-phosphonopentanoate; a drug that blocks NMDA receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| An action peotential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when open, it produces EPSPs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type II calcium-calmodulin kinase, an enzyme that must be activatd by calcium; may play a role in the establishment of long-term potentiation. |
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Term
| nitric oxide (NO) synthase |
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Definition
| An enzye responsible for the production of nitric oxide. |
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Term
| long-term depression (LTD) |
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Definition
| A long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized. |
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Term
| ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
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Definition
| A group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays a critical role in reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amnesia for events that occure aftr some disturbance to the brain, such as head injury or certain degenerative brain diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain, such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage, usually resulting from chronic alcoholism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive; seen in people with Korsakoff's syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person's past. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory whose formation does not depend on the hppocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex, relays information between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory of facts and general information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the enviroment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of consolidation of a memory that occurs subsequent to the original consolidation that can be triggered by a reminder of the original stimulus; thought to provide the means for modifying existing memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in producting or comprehending speech not caused by deafness or a somple motor deficit; caused by brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism, anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A preposition, article, or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that conveys meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of frontal cortex, located just rostral to the base of the left primary motor cortex, that is necessary for normal speech production. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the usual symptoms of Broca's aphasia; a difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings and word order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe an object, action, or attribute; one of the symptoms of aphasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of the auditory association cortex on the left temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words and the production of meaningful speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to hear, to speak, and (usually) to read adn write without being able to comprehenc the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernicke's area or disruption fo auditory input to this region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to name body parts or to identify body parts that another person names. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes condution aphasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aphasia characterized by an inability to repeat words that are heard but the ability to speak normally and comprehend the speech of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy by which people with anomia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of changes intonation and emphasis to convey meaning in speech besides that specified by the particular words; an important means of communication of emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of the ability to read without loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reading by recognizing a word as a whole; "sight reading". |
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Term
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Definition
| Reading by decoding ghe phonetic significance of letter stringsl "sound reading". |
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Term
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Definition
| A reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words byt the whole-word method. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reading disorder in which a person cna read familiar words but had difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable nonwords. |
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Term
| visual word-form area (VWFA) |
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Definition
| A region of the fusiform gyrus on the base of the temporal lobe that plays a critical role in the whole-word recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A language disorder caused by brain damage in which the person can read words aloud without understanding them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A writing disorder in which the person cannot sound out words and write them phonetically. |
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Term
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Definition
| A writing disorder in which the person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reading difficulty in a person of normal intellignece adn perceptual abiltity; of genetic origin or caused by prenatal or perinatal factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A serious mental disorder characterized by disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and often bizarre behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symptom of schizophrenia evident by its presence: delusions, hallucinations, or thought disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorganized irrational thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that is clearly in contradiction to reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preception of a nonexistent object or event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symptom of schizophrenia characterized by the absence of behaviors that are normally present social withdrawal, lack of affect, and reduced motivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A symptom of schizophrenia characterized by cognitive difficulties, such as deficits in learning and memory, poor abstract thinking, and poor problem solving. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the distribution and causes of diseases in populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The increased incidence of schizophrenia in people born during late winter and early spring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex; believed to be responsible for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that has a very high affinity for a particular receptor but activates that receptor less than the normal ligand and as antogonist in regions of high concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A serious mood disorder; includes unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A serious mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression. |
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Term
| major depressive disorder (MDD) |
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Definition
| A serious mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that do not alternate with periods of mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of drugs used to treat depression; inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine adn serotonin but also affects other neurotransmitters; named for the molecular structure. |
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Term
| specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
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Definition
| An antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) |
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Definition
| An antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| A brief electrical shock, applied to the head, that results in an lectrical seizure, used therapeutically to alleviate severe depression. |
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Term
sugenual anterior cingulate cortex
(subgenual ACC) |
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Definition
| A region of the medial prefrontal cortex located below the "knee" at the front of the corpus callosum, plays a role in the symptoms of depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical element; lithium carbonate is used to treat bipolar disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis that states that depression is caused by a low level of activity of one or more monoaminergic synapses. |
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Term
| tryptophan depletion procedure |
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Definition
A procedure involving a low-tryptophan diet and a tryptophan free amino acid "cocktail" that lowers brain trypophan and consequently decreases teh synthesis of
5-HT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment of seasonal affective disorder b y daily exposure to bright light. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological disorder characterized by tension, overactivity of the autonomic nervous system, expectation of an impending disaster, and continuous vigilance for danger. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by episodic periods of symptoms such as shortness of breath, irregularities in heartbeat, and other autonommic symptoms, accompanied by intense fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fear of having a panic attack; may lead to the development of agoraphobia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fear of being away from home or other protected places. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by excessive anxiety adn worry serious enough to cause disruption of people's lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of other people that leads to avoidance of social situations in which the perso is called on to perform. |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| A mental disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unwanted thought or idea with which a person is preoccupied. |
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Term
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Definition
| The feeling that aone is obliged to perform a behavior, even if one prefers not to do so. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surgical destruction of the cingulum bundle, iwht connects the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system; helps to reduce intense anxiety and the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chronic disorder whose symptoms include failure to develop normal social relations with other people, impaired development of communicative ability, lack of imaginative ability, and repetitive sterotyped movements. |
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Term
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by uninhibited responses, lack of sustained attention, and hyperactivity, first show itself in childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A general, imprecise term that can refer either to a stress respnse or to a stressor (stressful situation). |
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Term
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Definition
| A species-typical response preparatory to fighting or fleeing; thought to be responsible for some of the deleterious effects of stressful situations on health. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a group of hormones of the adrenal cortex that are important in protein adn carbohydrate metabolism, secreted especilly in times of stress. |
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Term
| corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary galnd to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotrpic hormone) |
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| A hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to CRH; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids. |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| A physchological disorder caused by exposure to a situation of extreme danger and stress; symptoms include revurrent dreams or recollections; can interfere with social activities and cause a feeling of hopelessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein present on a microorganism that permits the immune system to recognize the microorganism as an invader. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protien produced by a cell of the immune system that recognizes antifens present on invading microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teh removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a particular response, with an attendant increase in the frequency of that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact that increasingly large doses of drugs must be taken to achieve a particular effect; caused by compensatory mechanisms that oppose the effect of the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is suddenly no longer taken, caused by the presence of compensatory mechanisms. |
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