Term
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Definition
the tiny electrical charge in place between the inside and outside of the resting neuron.
Neurons possess electrical properties even when they arent receiving or transmitting messages.
Created by the prescence of ions
It is the potential energy in physics. About -60 to -70 millivots internally (thanks to large protein molecules)
NA+ and CL- are ouside, K+ is inside
Maintained by Na+/K+ pump
Goes to about +40 to +50 minnivolts at firing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Types of Messages
1)Excitory (Depolarization)
2)Inhibitory (Hyperpolarization) |
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Definition
1) The membrane of the contacted neuron changes, and the sodium ions begin to flow into the cell. Moves the electrical potential of the cell from negative toward zero and increases the chances of action potential
2) Opposite; Cell membrane pushes more positive ions out of the cell or allows negative ions to move in. The electrical potential of the cell becomes more negative and chances of AP decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| Special trigger zone near where axon leaves cell body, all the excitatory and inhibitory potentials combine, if the electrical potential inside the cell has become less negative, action potential will be initiated |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaps in the insulation of the Myelin sheilth that permit the action potential to jump down the axon rather than traveling from point to point |
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Definition
| the method of jump to jump transmission |
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Definition
| provide myelination for axon |
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Term
Communication Between Neurons
1) Neurotransmitters
2) Receptor Molecules |
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Definition
When action potential reaches the end of an axon, it triggers the release of chemical messengers in vesicles (small sacs)
1) Relay information from one neuron to the next on the postsynaptic membrane
2) Receptor molecules determine whether the message is excitory (K+) or inhabitory (Cl-) |
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Term
Neurotransmitters
1)Acetylcholine
2) Dopamine
3) GABA
4) Serotonin |
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Definition
1) multiple roles in the CNS and PNS, excitatory, usually leads to muscle contraction with motor neurons
2) inhibatory effects
Decreased-parkinsons
Increased- Schizophrenia
3) inhibatory, may place a role in regulation of anxiety
4) Inhibitory, affects sleeping dreaming and arrousal, may be involved in depression, schizophrenia and OCD |
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Term
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Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord
Somatic- collection of nerves that transmits info to brain and connects skeletal muscles to initiate movement
Autonomic- Controls more automatic needs such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure
Sympathetic division- triggers release of chemicals creating a state of readiness
Parasympthetic- Calms body down, uses stored energy |
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Term
| Determining brain function |
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Definition
Study through damage
Activate the brain
Monitoring the brain |
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Term
| Monitoring Brain Activity |
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Definition
EEG- monitors the gross electrical activity of the brain, recording electrodes attached to the brain measure changes
CT-the use of highly focused beams of x rays to construct detailed anatomical maps of the living brain (injuries)
PET-uses harmless radioactive substance, activate parts of the brain being used
MRI- uses magnetic fields and radio-wave pulses to construct detailed 3D images of the brain, can map changes in blood oxygen as a function of task activity |
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Term
Brain Anatomy
1)Hindbrain
2) Midbrain
3) Forebrain |
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Definition
1)Mentecephalon and Myelencephalon
2)Mesencephalon
3)Telencephalon, Dienchephalon |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of pons which is between the medulla ongulata and mesencephalon
contains reticular formation for sleep and arousal)
Cerebellum (little brain)- two hemispheres, integral to motor functioning
-helps smooth and coordinate movement
-standing walking dancing |
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Definition
medulla oblangata which contains part of reticular formation as well
key in controlling regulation of cardiovascular system, breathing, skeletal muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
Tectum- neural relays
Superior colliculi-part of visual system
Inferior colliculi- part of auditory system
Tegmentum
Reticular Formation (part in pons) sleep,
Substantia Nigra- seems to produce dopamine,
damage to this area is thought to cause parkinsons |
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Term
Forebrain
1) Telecephalon
2) Diencephalon |
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Definition
1) Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia-movement, Limbic system- Amygdala, Hippocampus
2) Thalamus- main relay for senses
3) Hypothalamus- motivation, regulation |
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Term
Cerebral Cortex
1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Temporal
4) Occipital |
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Definition
1) Planning, decisions, motor cortex, Brocas Area
2) Somatosensory Cortex
3) Process auditory information, Wernickes area (word salad)
4) Visual processing |
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Term
| Other parts of Telencephalon |
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Definition
Basal Ganglia- involved in control of movement, think of stiff gate in parkinsons
Limbic System- Hippocamupus- memory, damage may cause perpetual present
Amygdala-emotions |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus-relay center for sensory info
Hypothalamus- related to motivation, especially eating, drinking and sexual behavior |
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