Term
Patterns of behavior can be inherited. 8
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin, and it is now regarded as be the main process that brings about evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| a feeling of revulsion or strong disapproval aroused by something unpleasant or offensive. |
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Term
| Animal Research may Inform our Understanding (8) |
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Definition
1. James Olds
2. Nucleus Accumbens
3. Mirror neurons
4. Anatomy similar to humans (97.9%)
5. Generalisable to humans
6. Brain Plasticity
7. Assumptions
8. Laboratory
9. More ethical than humans
10. Controlled Conditions |
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Term
| Ethical considerations in research into genetic influences on behaviour. 22 |
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Definition
1. Twins
2. Self-fulfilling prophecy
3. Heston
4. Monozygotic
5. Dizygotic
6. Schizophrenia
7. IQ
8. Confidentiality
9. Protection of Particpants
10. Reared |
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Term
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Definition
1. Memory
2. HM
3. Anterograde
4. Retrograde
5. Amnesia
6. Clive Wearing[
7. Hippocampus
8. Amygdala
9. fMRI
10. MRI |
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Term
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Definition
1. Expensive
2. Less sensitive to movement
3. No radioactive
4. All activity recorded
5. Correlational
6. No neural processing
7. Localized functioning
8. Safe
9. Claustrophobic
10. Accurate |
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Term
| Schachter and Singer (1963) |
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Definition
1. Two-factor theory
2. Physiological arousal
3. Emotion
4. Labelling
5. 1962
6. Misattribution
7. Dutton & Aaron
8. Bridges
9. Attractive
10. Fear |
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Term
| There are biological correlates to behaviour |
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Definition
1. positive correlation
2. hormone, neurotransmitter, brain anatomy
3. Dopamine (neurotransmitter)
4. pleasure (addiction)
5. Fisher 2003
6. FMRI
7. Couples - Brain in love
8. Photograph - lover/neutral
9. Nucleus Accumbems
10. pre-frontal cortex |
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Term
| Two effects of the environment on physiological processes. 22 |
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Definition
2. Environmental situation
3. Rosenweig and Bennet
4. Enriched environment
5. Impoverished envri
6. Trauma and PTSD
7. Hippocampus
8. Amygdala
9. MRI
10. Prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| Anatomy, nervous & endocrine system |
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Definition
1. Acetycholine
2. Neurotransmitter
3. hippocampus
4. Martinez and Kesner
5. Hormones
6. Dopamine
7. Addictive behaviour
8. Fisher
9. Dopamine increase:emotion
10. Dopamine correlated: romantic passion |
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Term
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Definition
1. Twin study
2. Bouchard
3. Monozygotic/dizygotic
4. intelligence
5. Nat vs Nurture
6. correlation
7. Caspi
8. depression
9. 5-HTTP gene |
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Term
| Plomin and Petrill (1977) |
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Definition
1. Correlation (parent/child)
2. IQ
3. Between 4-6 years’ old
4. 40% correlation
5. 60%adulthood
6. 80% older adults
7. Socio-class economic
8. influential
9. intelligence
10. link between poverty and intelligence |
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Term
| ‘Discuss the use of brain imaging technologies’ |
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Definition
1.PET/MRI/FMRI/EEG/CAT
2.Maguire et al (2000) MRI- London taxi driver’s hippocampal structure compared to others. Taxi Drivers had a larger volume of Hippocampal mass than non drivers.
3.HM/Milner and Scovile: (1957) HM brain damage- MRI used to identify it.
4.LOF- through PET scans.
5.Tierney et al (2001) Evaluating bilingual language compensation in Brain damaged kids.
6. PET scans link brain damage and language development.
7. Raine et all (1999) PET scans in relation to personality changes and brain damage.
8. Murderers who plead not guilty through reason of insanity
9. Less activity in pre frontal cortex and amygdala- linked to self-control and emotion.
10. Brain imaging technologies allow comparisons between brain function and human behaviour. |
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Term
| To what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour? 22 Marker |
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Definition
1. Twin studies
2. Monozygotic twins (MZT) identical
3. Bouchard and McGue (1981)
4. Bouchard et al (1990) Minnesota study
5. Shields (1962)
6. Scarr and Weinberg (1976)
7. Adoption studies
8. Outline intelligence |
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Term
| How and why particular research methods are used in the biological levels of analysis? 22 Marker |
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Definition
1. MRI - HM
2. Hippocampus
3. Bloodflow
4. No Radiation
5. No Movement
6. fMRI - Fisher
7. Reward - love
8. No Radioactive
9. Allows activity
10. No cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mono-zygotic
2. Concordance
3. Raised together
4. Raised apart
5. Environmental
6. Bouchard et al 1990
7. IQ
8. 69% MZA
9. 88% MZT
10. Genetic |
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Term
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Definition
1. Oxytocin
2. Trust Game
3. 49
4. Computer
5. fMRI
6. 1/2 Broken
7. Placebo = less
8. Hormone = same
9. Amygdala
10. Reward |
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Term
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Definition
1. London
2. taxi drivers
3. 16 matched pairs
4. spatial memory
5. posterior hippocampi
6. MRI scans
7. volume of hippocampus correlated with amount of time spent as a taxi driver
8. no ethical impliations
9. correlational study
10. male participants - gender bias |
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Term
| To what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour? 22 |
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Definition
1. bouchard et al
2. scarr and weinberg
3. caspi et al
4. gottesman and shield
5. depression
6. intelligence
7. schizophrenia
8. monozygotic
9. dizygotic
10. enviromental facprs |
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Term
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Definition
1. neuroplasticity
2. maguire
3. rosenwieg
4. case study - Jody
5. anatomy
6. neurons
7. connections between brain cells
8. schlaug
9. sperry (1986)
10. |
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Term
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Definition
1. sensitivity
2. disgust
3. pregnancy
4. first trimester
5. food
6. evolved behaviour
7. questionnaires
8. curtis et al
9. immune system
10. nausea and vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
‘Tierney et al’ (2001)
1. Using pet scans to study the bilingual compensation in children with brain damage.
2. MA- 37 years old, lesions in frontal cortex, no long term consequences of the encephalitis that caused the damage.
3. Understood sign language from a young age
4. MA was compared to 12 p’s, all fluent in sign lang
5. Pet scans were used on all P’s
6. MA’s right hemisphere was more active than the controls during both free speech and sign language.
7. Language function seemed to have developed in the right rather than the left hemisphere.
9. PET scans showed the relationship between LOF and the production of speech/sign language in MA’s brain.
8. Other methods would not have shown this correlation (MRI).
10. Linked to area- language production, LOF (brain imaging, biological correlates of behaviour) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Used a fMRI
2. bilingual individuals
3. Use of Broca's area differed between groups
4. Billinguals used same region of Broca’s area
5. Those who learned second language later used bigger area of brain
6. Age and language affects brain function
7. Learned how brain processes languages |
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Term
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Definition
‘Mirror Neurons’ Linked to effects of environment on human behaviour.
1. Learning through observation and imitation.
2. A neuron that fires when an animal or person performs an action that is observed or when that same action is seen performed by another/when the person performs it themselves.
3.They activate when observing someone perform an action, and when that action is performed by oneself.
4. Inferior parietal cortex, premotor cortex- location of MN
5. Iacaboni (2004) observable emotional expression, MN firing at similar expressions, FMRI
6. Same brain area activated upon seeing an expression, and imitating the expression.
7. Keysers (2003) MN in relation to disgust, brain scan and disgusting smells.
Film clips showing the reactions activated the same mirror neurons.
8. Lingau et al (2009) contrasts mirror neurons- monkeys have MN but no culture or empathy.
9. Neurons fire when experiencing stimulus from the environment, and when that stimulus is replicated or imitated. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Caspi et al. (2003)
2. 5-HTT gene
3. Stigma is a mark of disgrace that sets a person apart
4. stereotyped group
5. Social stigma is the extreme disapproval of (or discontent with) a person or group on socially characteristic grounds
6. Self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Term
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Definition
1. Neurotransmitters
2. synapse
3. synaptic gap
4. dendrites
5. Axon
6. Receptors
7. Electrochemical Messages
8. Myelin sheath
9. Cell body
10. Transfer |
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Term
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Definition
1) Sensitivity
2) Disgust
3) Pregnancy
4) Food
5) Nausea + Vommiting
6) Evolved behaviour
7) Questionnaires
8) Curtiss et al
9) immune system
10) Trimester |
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Term
| One interaction between cognition and physiology (22 marks) |
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Definition
1. Amnesia
2. Anterograde- form new
3. Retrograde- recall old
4. Scoville & Milner (HM)
5. Epilepsy- hippo
6. Hippo= memory formation
7. Oliver Sacks
8. Thiamine
9. Korskoffs syndrome
10. Change in behaviour |
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Term
| To what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour? |
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Definition
1) Bouchard
2) Scarr and Weinberg
3) Caspi et al
4) Gatesman + Shueld
5) Depression
6) Intelligence
7) Schizophrenia
8) Monozyogtic
9) DZ
Environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
1. Insight into human behaviour
2. Rosensweig and Bennet
3. Not generalisable
4. Unethical
5. JESH
6. Lab experiment
7. Martinez and Kesner
8. Acetylcholine
10. Scopolamine and Physostigmine |
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Term
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Definition
1) Neurplasticity
2) Maguire
3) Rosenweig
4) Anatomy
5) Neurons
6) Jod-removed
7) connections
8) Schlaug |
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Term
| Explain effects of neurotransmission. 8 |
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Definition
1. Emotion
2. Chemicle transmission
3. Acetocoline
4. Seratonin
5. artinez and Kesner
6. Katsumatsu and Hirai
7. Memory
8. Hallucinations
9. Euphoria
10. Pilgrammage |
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Term
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Definition
1) Taxi drivers
2) Hippocampus
3) Spatial memory
4) MRI scans
5) London
6) Increased volume
7) no researcher bias
8) Males
9) no ethical implications
10) control group |
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Term
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Definition
Cortisol
Memory
Self selected sample
3 conditions
Placebo
Verbal Declarative memory
Cause and effect
Long term stress
memory impairment
hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Epilepsy
Memory
Hyppocampus
Retrograde
Anterograde
Amnesia
Brain
Neuroscience
Milner
Siezures |
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Term
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Definition
1. Brain plasticity
2. Cerebral cortex
3. Rich, Impoverished environment
4. Different stimulus objects
5. 30 to 60 days
6. Rats were killed to study brain
7. increased thickness in cerebral cortex
8. developed acetylcholine
9. Lab experiment
10. difficult to generalise |
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Term
| Martinez and Kesner (1991) |
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Definition
1. Neurotransmitters
2. Acetylcholine
3. 3 rat group
4. control, block, help
5. maze
6. control= normal time
7. block= slow
8. help= fast
9. role on memory |
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Term
| Kasamatsu and Hirai (1999) |
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Definition
1. sensory depreciation
2. pilgrimage
3. no supplies
4. blood samples
5. hallucination
6. serotonin up
7. change in mood
8. causes hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
1. Stereotypes
2. Prejudice
3. preconceived ideas
4. similar to schemas
5. beliefs
6. discrimination
7. mental health issues
8. social schemas
9. perceived schemas
10. Bartett- war of the ghosts |
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Term
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Definition
1. Feldman (oxytocin)
2. good feelings
3. bonding mothers
4. role in bonding
5. shocat (melatonin)
6. sleep patterns
7. pineal gland
8. regualtes
9. melatonin and sleep |
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Term
| Explain one study related to the localisation of the brain. |
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Definition
1. Hippocampus affecting memory
2. HM case study
3. Milner and scovile
4. MRI of HMs brain
5. parts of brain were missing
6. parts of brain responsible for amnesia
7. retrograde and anterograde
8. short term to long term
9. Maguire (2000)
10. Taxi |
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Term
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Definition
1. Monozygotic (T and A) twin study
2. Self-selected sample
3. Genetic inheritance IQ
4. Genetic variation
5. Environmental factors
6. 69% MZA, 88% MZT
7. Correlation study
8. High concordance (but not 100%)
9. Extraneous variables
10. Genetic inheritance accounts for 2/3 observed variance. |
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