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Details Title: Biological Anthropology Description: Final Exam Total Flash Cards: 29 Created: 12/10/2007 12:06:39	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Australipiticus Afarensis Definition gracile    "Lucy"    dates - 4.3 to 2.3 mya pliocene size -400-600 cc -66-176 lbs -3'5" to 4'11" found - East & South Africa (by Johanson) tools - no evidence of tool making features - both terrestrial and arboreal low, flat forehead. projecting face. prominent brow ridges.    Term Australipithicus Africanus Definition gracile  dates - 3.0 to 2.0 mya pliocene size - 400 to 500 cc 66 to 154 lbs found - South Africa (by Robert Dart) tool - no tools features - protruding face, small brain, prominent brow ridges Term Boisei Definition robust    date - 2.3 to 1.4 mya pliocene size - 410 to 530 cc 75 to 108 lbs found - Eastern Africa (by Mary Leakey) tools - none features - Heavy build, prominent sagital crest, thick jaws and large molars, marked sexual dimorphism Term Australopithecus Robustus Definition "chewing machine" robust   dates - 2.5 to 1 mya pliocene  size - 530 cc 71 to 92 lbs 3'7" to 4'4" found - Eastern Africa tools - modified bones may have been used to dig for buried food (roots, nuts) features - very heavy build. prominent sagital crest. flat face. thick jaws, large molars, marked sexual dimorphism. Term Homo Habilis Definition "handy man"  scavenger?   dates - 2.3 to 1.6 mya plio-pleistocene  size - 500 to 650 cc found - Eastern Africa (by the Leakeys) tools - Oldowan tools features - teeth smaller, brain larger. increase in cranial vault height and thickness, reduced lower facial prognathism, reduction in size of molars. Thinner jaw. Term Homo Ergaster Definition dates - 1.8 to 1.2 mya pleistocene  size -  750 to 1250 cc found - Africa into Asia tools - Acheulean tools features - higher cranial vault, thinner cranial bone, increased brain size. increased body size means that relative brain size has increased little. brow ridges, short face, projecting nasal aperture. Term Homo Erectus Definition dates - 1.8 to 0.3 mya pleistocene  size - 800 to 1300 cc found - East and South Africa, and Asia tools - Acheulean stone tools. Biface: hand axe or cleaver. Lavallois technique for controlling flake size and shape. fire. features - High cranial vault, thinner cranial bone, no sagital crest, smaller teeth. VERY TALL, big brain. unpronounced chin. Term Homo Heidelbergensis Definition dates - 600 to 100 tya middle pleistocene size - 1100 to 1400 cc found - Africa and Europe tools - Achelean features - transitional species between Homo erectus and later hominids. In Africa, H. heidelbergensis evolved into H. sapiens. In Europe, H. heidelbergensis evolved into Neanderthals. Term Homo Neanderthalensis Definition dates - 250 to 30 tya size - 1200 to 1750 cc found - europe, asia, middle east tools - Mousterian tools (200,000 - 40,000 years ago) Chatelperronian tools (40,000 to 28,000 years ago) features - Term Homo Sapiens Definition dates - 100 tya to present size - 1200 to 1700 cc found -  tools - Mousterian tools (200,000 to 40,000 years ago) Chatelperronian tools (40,000 to 34,000 years ago)  Solutrean tools (22,000 to 19,000 years ago) Magdalenian tools (18,000 to 12,000 years ago)  features - chin, small jaws Term Oldowan Definition oldest known tools chipping stones for a cutting edge single blow of one rock homo habilis Term Acheulian Definition Stone tools from the Lower and Middle Pleistocene Bifacial tools (flaked on both sides) Common in Africa, Southwest Asia, and Western Europe Biface: hand axe or cleaver 1.5 million years ago in East Central Africa. Thesetools are associated with Homo ergaster and western Homo erectus. Term Aurignacian Definition Upper paleolithic 28,000 ya 40,000 to 28,000 years ago is associated with both Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis throughout Europe and parts of Africa. Term Chatelperronian Definition Upper Paleolithic industry France and Spain Blade tools hand axes Neanderthal   Term Late Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic) African Tools Definition 26 and 27 kya microliths - thumbnail sized stone flakes hafted to make knives, saws, etc. blades bone craftwork  Term Solutrean tools Definition Upper Paleolithic specialized flaking techniques, works of art (22,000 to 19,000 years ago) introduced very elegant tool designs made possible by heating and suddenly cooling flint stones to shatter them in carefully controlled ways. Term Magdalenian Definition last stage in Upper Paleolithic 18,000 to 12,000 years ago  flaked stones for arrows/spears  spear-thrower wood/bone hooked rod to throw spear  Term pliopithecus Definition middle miocene ape Europe  oldest and most primitive gibbon sized primate sagittal crest  Term oreopithicus Definition middle miocene ape mystery africa and asia  Term gigantopithicus Definition middle miocene ape largest primate (900 lbs, 10") pakistan & india  Term Sirapithicus Definition Middle Miocene India  Term Dryopithecus Definition Middle Miocene ape arboreal   Term Kenyapithecus Definition First True Hominoid Africa  Term Miocene Definition 23mya to 5mya   Hominoids   Heavily forested in beginning Cooler climate at the end -> made forests less continuous     Term Pliocene Definition 5.3mya to 1.8mya   All australopithecus Gracile: Afarensus Africanus Robust:  Boisei Robustus    Begining of h. habilis  Term Pleistocene Definition 1.8mya to 0.01mya   H. Habilis H. Egaster  H. Erectus H. Heidelbergensis  Archaic H. Sapiens Neanderthals   Ice Age  Term Holocene Definition began 0.01 mya   Homo Sapiens   First h. sapien, 100,000 years ago  Term Hardy Weinberg Definition theory of genetic equilibrium   establishes a set of conditions in a population where no evolution occurs.   infinitely large = no genetic drift no mutation no gene flow  no natural selection mating is random   evolution will always occur because you can never meet the mathematical standards for a stand-still     Term Definition