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| 1.1) evolution is a central, unifying theme in biology because: |
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Definition
| the enormously diverse forms of life on earth have all been shaped by it |
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| 1.2) what is wrong with the statement "the giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result"? |
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Definition
| characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes |
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1.3) which statement about natural selection is most correct?
a. adaptations beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in other habitats as well
b. different species that together occupy the same habitat should adapt to that habitat by undergoing the same changes
c. adaptations beneficial in one era should generally be beneficial during other eras as well
d. populations change over time as "favorable variations" are passed on to subsequent generations |
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Definition
| d. populations change over time as "favorable variations" are passed on to subsequent generations |
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| 1.4) the most direct evidence for macroevolution can be found in: |
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| 1.5) when an insect population becomes resistant to insecticides, this is an example of a response to what kind of selection? |
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| 1.6) define homologous structures, such as a bat wing and whale flipper: |
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Definition
| they have the same underlying structure due to inheritance from a common ancestor |
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| 1.7) human dna has the most homology with the dna of a: |
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Definition
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| 1.8) whale flipper/bat wing or bat wing/butterfly wing, which are homologous? |
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| 1.9) Darwin's concept of natural selection says: |
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Definition
- heritable variations occur in natural populations
- organisms tend to increase in numbers at a rate more rapid than the environment can support
- on average, the best adapted individuals leave more offspring
- the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual change in a population
- NOT: individuals can inherit acquired characteristics |
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| 1.10) modern definition of evolution: |
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Definition
| a change in the genetic makeup of a population |
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| 1.11) anatomical structures that show similar function, such as butterfly wings and bat wings, but dissimilar embryonic and evolutionary background, are: |
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| 1.12) (p+q)^2 = p^2 +2pq + q^2 |
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Definition
p: homozygous dominant
q: homozygous recessive |
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| 1.13) agents of change in allele frequency in populations include: |
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Definition
- genetic drift
- natural selection
- mutation |
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| 1.14) the more homology two organisms share... |
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Definition
| the more similar their dna sequences are and the more recently they shared a common ancestor |
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1.15) in stabilizing selection, which kind of individuals have the highest fitness?
a. large
b. intermediate
c. bright
d. extreme
e. small |
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Definition
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| 1.16) genetic drift results in a change in gene frequencies because: |
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Definition
| the population size is so small that chance occurrences can alter gene frequencies |
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| 1.17) best indicator of an organism's evolutionary fitness |
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Definition
| the number of offspring it produces over its lifetime that survive to breed |
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| 1.18) summarize organic evolution as it is viewed today |
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Definition
| the differential survival and reproduction of the most fit phenotypes |
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| 1.19) a structure that evolves in one context and later becomes adapted for other functions |
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| 1.20) feathers in birds appear to have first evolved for insulation but later conveyed a new advantage in helping create light aerodynamic surfaces. this switch in function is an example of: |
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| 1.21) based on the diagram on 1.21, which two species are most closely related |
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Definition
| dog and wolf; they branch the latest |
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| 1.22) cladistic analysis identifies clades on the basis of: |
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Definition
| homologous structures unique to each group |
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| 1.23) what name is given to the single super continent that formed near the end of the paleozoic? |
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Definition
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| 1.24) the miller-urey experiments showed |
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Definition
| showed that it was possible to make organic molecules in a laboratory simulation of early-earth chemistry |
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| 1.25) use light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source |
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| 1.26) the scientific hypothesis explaining the origin of life on the earth says... |
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Definition
- the earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago
- the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules and the evolution of protobionts occurred about 3.5-4.5 billion years ago
- very little oxygen was present in atmosphere 3.0 billion years ago |
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| 1.27) probable order of the biological history of the earth: |
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Definition
plants -> terrestrial animals
prokaryotes -> eukaryotes
amphibians -> mammals
rna -> dna |
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| 1.28) five basic requirements for life |
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Definition
- organic molecules
- mistakes in reproduction (mutations) which provide the starting materials for evolution
- membranes to separate life from non-life
- energy source
- NOT meiosis |
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Term
| 1.29) the endosymbiotic hypothesis of the origin of the eukaryotic cell basically says that eukaryotics cells acquired the precursors of mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing cyanobacteria and bacteria which became endosymbionts... |
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Definition
| cells that engulfed only bacteria (mitochondria) became animal cells, while cells that also engulfed cyanobacteria (chloroplasts) became plants |
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1.30) which of the following statements is false?
a. domain bacteria includes cyanobacteria
b. prokaryotic cells dna is in the form of a closed circle
c. archaea and bacteria probably diverged very early in evolutionary history
d. both archaea and bacteria have cell walls, but the walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan
e. meiosis occurs in bacteria but not in archaea |
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Definition
| d. both archaea and bacteria have cell walls, but the walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan |
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| 1.31) according to evolutionary tree 1.31, arachaea and eukaryotes last shared a common ancestor... |
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Definition
| c. 2.25 billion years ago |
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| 1.32) which kingdom has been replaced with two domains? |
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| 1.33) which kingdom includes the unicellular eukaryotes? |
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| 1.37) growth inhibited by antibiotics |
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| 1.38) archaea and bacteria have in common... |
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Definition
- lack of membrane enclosed organelles
- lack of nuclear envelope |
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1.44) which of the following algal groups are incorrectly paired with their description?
a. brown algae- includes the largest seaweeds
b. green algae- closest relative of green plants
c. red algae- has no flagellated stages in life cycle
d. dinoflagellates- multicellular |
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Definition
| d. dinoflagellates- multicellular |
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Definition
| limited to extreme environments |
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1.40) which of the following would likely be the most difficult to kill were you to can your own food?
a. microspores
b. endospores
c. sporophylls
d. sporophytes
e. megaspores |
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Definition
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| 1.41) homology between prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts includes... |
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Definition
- circular DNA
- similar size to bacteria
- similar ribosome size and structure
- reproduce by binary fission |
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| 1.42) prokaryote that carries out photosynthesis |
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Definition
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1.45) which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is false?
a. they are giant algae called seaweeds
b. they have chlorophyll
c. some cause red tides
d. they possess two unequal flagella |
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Definition
a. they are giant algae called seaweeds
this statement is false. |
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1.43) which of the following organisms are incorrectly paired with their description?
a. red algae- pigments absorb blue and green light
b. cellular slime mold- protists lacking mitochondria
c. diatoms- glassy, two part walls
d. foram- porous, multi-chambered shell |
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Definition
b. cellular slime mold- protists lacking mitochondria
this statement is false. |
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1.46) which of the following is photosynthetic?
a. brown algae
b. green algae
c. red algae
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c |
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Definition
| all algae is photosynthetic |
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| 1.47) closest relative to plants |
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Definition
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| 1.48) plasmodiuma, which causes malaria, is part of what group |
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| 1.49) which infection is carried by the anopheles mosquito? |
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1.50) animals are most closely related to which of the following?
a. giardia
b. ciliates
c. plants
d. fungi |
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Definition
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| 2.2) which group are the reptiles? |
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Definition
| reptiles branch before birds, after mammals. see 2.2 |
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2.1) all of the following are characteristics of animals except
a. contractile cells, nerve integration
b. require oxygen for aerobic respiration
c. sexual reproduction
d. multicellularity
e. autotrophic nutrition |
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Definition
e. autotrophic nutrition
animals are heterotrophs. |
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| 2.3) which group contains enchinoderms? |
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Definition
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2.4) which of the following is a primitive characteristic?
a. ventral nerve cord
b. deuterostome development
c. diploblastic
d. a and c
e. a, b, and c |
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Definition
| d. a and c (ventral nerve cord, diploblastic) |
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| 2.5) how do sponges differ from all other animals? |
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Definition
| sponges lack true tissues |
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| 2.6) which group has the fewest number of species |
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Definition
mammalia
ostioichthys (bony fish) are most numerous animal
athropoda are the most numerous species |
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| 2.7) the common ancestor of all animals is likely a |
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Definition
| colonial, flagellated protist |
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| 2.8) annelids and arthropods both have |
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Definition
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| 2.9) characteristic of cnidarians |
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Definition
| nematocysts, diploblastic |
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Definition
| completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm |
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2.11) diploblastic
a. porifera
b. cnidaria
c. platyhelminthes
d. nematoda
e. echinodermata |
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Definition
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2.12) sac-like gut with a pharynx that extends for food
. porifera
b. cnidaria
c. platyhelminthes
d. nematoda
e. echinodermata |
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Definition
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2.13) pseudocoelom
. porifera
b. cnidaria
c. platyhelminthes
d. nematoda
e. echinodermata |
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| 2.14) bilateral symmetry as larvae; radial symmetry as an adult |
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| 2.16) the simplest animals to have a complete digestive tract |
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| 2.17) simplest animals with bilateral symmetry |
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| 2.18) molluscs are recognized based on the presence of |
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| 2.19) what characteristic is unique to echinoderms? |
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| 2.20) annelids are most closely related to |
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Definition
| arthropods (segmented bodies) |
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| 2.21) humans are chordates. which animal group is most closely related to chordates? |
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2.22) most are aquatic
a. arachnids
b. crustaceans
c. insects
d. centipedes
e. millipedes |
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Definition
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| 2.23) which group may have given rise to amphibians? |
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Definition
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| 2.24) the feature present in reptiles and absent in amphibians that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is: |
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| 2.25) clams, snails, octopus |
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Definition
c. [arthropods annelids molluscs]
see 2.25 |
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| 2.26) diploblastic organisms only |
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| 2.27) consists of deuterosomes |
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| 2.29) includes monotremes |
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| 2.30) shared characteristic of all chordates |
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Definition
| pharyngeal gill slits and notochord |
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| 2.31) the amniote egg first appeared in: |
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Definition
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| 2.32) larvae usually aquatic with gills; most adults terrestrial with lungs |
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Definition
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| 2.33) three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, placental |
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Definition
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| 34. never breathing with gills; eggs with shell and membranes enclosing water; two pairs of appendages (reduced or lacking in some) with claws; skin with scales; heart with three chambers |
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Definition
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| 2.35) five pharyngeal gill slits visible from outside. moth and nostrils ventral |
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Definition
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| 2.36) why are tunicates placed in the phylum chordata? |
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Definition
| the larvae have the characteristics of the phylum chordata (notochord dissolves) |
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| 2.37) characteristics shared by reptiles and birds |
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Definition
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| 2.38) the mammalian group that lacks placenta |
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Definition
| marsupials and monotremes |
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| 2.39) which anthropoids are most closely related to humans? |
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Definition
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| 2.40) the most radical anatomical change in human evolution |
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2.42) which of these primate groups are not hominoids?
a. gibbons
b. orangutans
c. new world monkeys
d. gorillas
e. chimpanzees |
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Definition
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| 2.43) which hominid appears to have been the first to use simple stone tools? |
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Definition
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| 2.44) most amphibians are found fairly close to water because they... |
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Definition
| reproduce by laying their eggs in water |
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2.45) which of the following is not a primate?
a. anthropoid
b. hominoid
c. prosimian
d. hominid
e. kangaroo |
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Definition
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| 2.46) closest anthropoid relative |
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Definition
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| 2.47) which characteristic of early hominids is considered most critical to their evolution? |
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Definition
| bipedal locomotion (upright walking) |
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| 2.48) the first member of modern humans to evolve in africa and move on into europe was... |
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Definition
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| 2.49) where was "lucy" found? |
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Definition
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2.50) humans belong to all of the following groups except:
a. marsupials
b. mammals
c. vertebrates
d. primates
e. chordates |
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