Term
| How many species of arthropods are there? |
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Definition
1.3 million
-75% of all species
-widest, densest distribution on earth |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Arthropoda
1. Appendages
2. Covering
3. Respiration
4. Circulation
5. Digestion |
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Definition
1. jointed
2. chitinous exoskeleton/cuticle
-protective and lightweight, water conserving
-does not grow, but must be molted
3. cutaneous if small and aquatic; gills, trachae, book lungs
4. open
5. complete |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics of Subphylum Chelicerata
1. Appendages
2. Body shape
3. Antennae |
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Definition
1. 6 pairs
-four pairs of walking legs (except horseshoe crabs=5)
-one pair of chelicerae=pointed mouthpart
-one pair of pedipalps=near mouth assisting in eating
2. fused head/thorax + abdomen
3. no antennae or mandible |
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Term
Describe class Merostomata
1. Appendages
2. Habitat
3. Diet
4. Eggs
5. Blood |
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Definition
Horseshoe Crabs
1. 5 pairs of walking legs, one pair of chelicerae
2. marine- swims or crawls
3. feeds nocturnally on worms, mollusks
4. lays eggs on beaches in spring- important shoebird food
5. blood is used to test vaccines, drugs, for bacterial contamination |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics for Class Arachnida Order Araneae
1. Chelicerae
2. Pedipalps
3. Other |
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Definition
1. fangs for injecting toxins
2. manipulate food; males use it to transfer spermatophore to female
3. 8 eyes
-silk glands
-control insect population |
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Term
| Describe some characteristics for Class Arachnida Order Scorpiones |
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Definition
Scorpions
1. pedipalps are claws with pinchers at end
2. stinger with venom at end of tail
3. secretive and nocturnal
4. mother carries young on back |
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Term
| Describe the following characteristics for Class Arachnida Order Opiliones |
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Definition
Daddy longlegs, Harvestmen (not a spider)
1. cephalothorax and abdomen are nearly fused
2. lose leg as defense but it is not regenerated
3. scavengers or predators |
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Term
| Describe the following characteristics for Class Arachnida Order Acari |
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Definition
Ticks, Mites, Chiggers
1. chephalothorax and abdomen completely fused
2. some are ectoparaistes
ex. Lyme's Disease |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics of Subphylum Myriapoda
1. Chilopoda
2. Diplopoda |
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Definition
1. centipedes
-one pair of legs per segment
-one pair of anterior poison claws
-carnivorous
2. Millipedes
-2 pairs of legs per segment
-herbivorous |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Subphylum Crustacea
1. Appendages
2. Habitat
3. Antennae
4. Body shape
5. Reproduction
6. Excretory system
7. Development |
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Definition
1. biramous (forked) unless modified
2. mainly aquatic
3. two pair of antennae
4. head, thorax, and abdomen
5. mostly dioecious except barnacles
6. antennal or maxillary glands at base of appendages
7. mostly indirect except crayfish |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Class Maxillopoda
1. Copepods
2. Barnacles |
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Definition
1. usually small, aquatic
-primary component of plankton
2. marine, intertidal
-sessile adult with shell
-filter feed |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Malacostraca
1. Isopoda
2. Euphausiacea
3. Decopoda |
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Definition
1. Isopods
-many small aquatic
-terrestrial pillbugs/woodlice with internal gills
2. Krill
-primary food for baleen whale, other fish
3. Crayfish, Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimp
-5 pairs of walking legs
-metamorphose |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Hexapoda
1. Habitat
2. Antennae
3. Appendages
4. Excretion |
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Definition
1. terrestrial
2. one pair
3. 6 pairs of appendages
4. Malphigian tubules for excretion |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Class Insecta
1. Speciation
2. Appendages
3. Flight
4. Nutrition
5. Respiration |
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Definition
1. over 1 million, more than all other classes combined
2. 3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of antennae
3. wings are outgrowths of thorax wall
4. most herbivores; some scavengers, parasites, carnivores
5. Tracheal |
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Term
| Describe the sense organs in Class Insecta |
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Definition
1. Mechanoreceptors on body, legs, antennae
2. Auditory- tympanal organs or hairs
3. Chemoreceptors- mouth, antennae (bees), legs (flies)
4. Visual-ocelli or compound eyes
-honeybees detect UV rays |
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Term
| Describe reproduction in Class Insecta |
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Definition
-dioecious, internal fertilization
-sperm transfered as spermatophore
-sperm can be stored for extended periods
-most lay eggs |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Echinodermata
1. Habitat
2. Development
3. Symmetry
4. Respiration, Circulation, Excretion
5. Head
6. Digestive system |
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Definition
1. marine, benthic
2. deuterstomes
3. pentamerously radial, bilateral larvae
4. none
5. no head, simple nervous and sensory system
6. complete |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Asteroida
1. Mouth
2. Endoskeleton |
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Definition
Sea Star
1. ventral mouth (oral), dorsal anus (aboral)
2. a. jointed calcareous ossicles, some with protective spines
b. pedicellariae
c. papulae |
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Term
| Describe the Water Vascular System of a starfish |
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Definition
1.water enters madreporite, to ampulla and bulb feet
2. water pressure extends to feet
3. suckers on tube feet adhere chemically
4. tube feet bind, pulling starfish forward
5. suckers released chemically |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Asteroida
1. Nutrition
2. Reproduction |
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Definition
1. most are carnivorous
-stomach can be everted, bringing food in, partially digested
-some are suspension feeders
*Piaster is important keystone mollusc predator on West Coast
2. external fertilization
-dioecious
-arms can be regenerated
-some reproduce asexually by fission |
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Term
| Describe the following basic characteristics of Class Ophiuroidea |
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Definition
Brittlestars
-arms more slender
-no pedicellariae
-no suckers on tube feet
-feed on small particles |
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Term
| Describe the following basic characteristics of Class Echinoidea |
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Definition
Sea Urchin, Sand Dollar
-no arms
-use tube feet and spines for locomotion
-ossicles fused into solid hard test
-graze algae and feed on deposits |
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Term
| Describe the following basic characteristics of Class Holothuroidea |
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Definition
Sea Cucumbers
-ossicles reduced, soft body
-no arms, tube feet on oral side
-tentacles around mouth at one end to trap particles |
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Term
| Describe the following basic characteristics of Class Crinoida |
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Definition
Sea Lillies
-stalk with flower shaped body on top
Feather Stars
-stalk lost in adults which swim or crawl
-both sessile much of life
-both feed on suspended particles |
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Term
Describe the following basic characteristics of Phylum Hemichordata
1. Notochord
2. Body plan
3. Nutrition |
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Definition
Acorn Worm (marine)
-once considered chordates, but supposed notochord is part of gut
-they do have gill slits, dorsal tubular nerve cord
2. proboscis, collar, trunk
3. food trapped by mucous, taken into mouth via cilia |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Phylum Chordata
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal Tubular Nerve Cord
3. Pharyngeal Gill Slits |
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Definition
1. semirigid skeletal rod usually extending length of the body and provides embryo with support
-replaced in adults by vertebrae
2. contrast to a ventral solid nerve in invertebrates
-anterior end enlarges; cord protected by vertebrae
3. invertebrate chordates use in suspension feeding
-aquatic chordates use in respiration-internal gills
-are only pouched in tetrapods
-develop into: middle ear, eustachian tube, tonsils |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Phylum Chordata
1. Post Anal Tail
2. Endostyle or Thyroid Gland |
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Definition
1. contrast to anus at end of body like in worms
-improves swimming or balance
2. a) endostyle in tunicates, amphioxus, and lamprey larvae
-secretes mucous that traps food in pharyngeal cavity and regulates iodine metabolism
b) thyroid gland in other chordates
-regulates iodine metabolism; other endocrine functions |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Subphyla Urochordata
1. Habitat
2. Larva
3. Adult Structure |
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Definition
Tunicate (sea squirts)
1. marine, sessile as adults
2. only free swimming larva has all chordate characteristics
3. incurrent siphon, pharynx, excurrent siphon
-tunic, pharyngeal gill slits
-particles trapped by mucous on gill slits |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Subphyla Cephalochordata
1. Habitat
2. Adult form |
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Definition
Amphioxus, Lancelet
1. sandy coastal marine waters; filter feeders
2. adult has all chordate features but lacks vertebrae |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Subphyla Vertebrata
1. Endoskeleton
2. Respiration
3. Nervous System |
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Definition
1. living endoskeleton
-cranium, rib cage=protection
-allows for large size growth
-attachment for muscles
2. efficient respiration=high metabolism=activity
-efficient circulatory system (closed)
-internal gills or lungs
3. Advanced nervous system
a) cephalization- distinct head with advanced sense organs
b) complex brain for processing sensory info |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Class Myxini
1. Vertebrae
2. Habitat
3. Body shape
4. Nutrition |
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Definition
Hagfish
1. no vertebrae, but has a cranium
2. marine (only vert in osmotic equilibrium with seawater)
3. eel shape, all cartilage, no paired fins, no scales
4. scavengers or predators |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Class Petromyzontida
1. Vertebrae
2. Habitat
3. Body Shape
4. Nutrition
5. Reproduction |
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Definition
Lampreys
1. only rudimentary verts, but a cranium
2. marine and freshwater
3. eel shape, all cartilage, no paired fins, no scales
4. parasitic species attach to fish, rasp hole, suck fluids
5. marine forms are anadromous
larvae=ammocoete |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Class Chondrichthyes
1. Skeleton
2. Habitat
3. Scales
4. Swim bladder |
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Definition
sharks, rays, skates, ghostfish
1. all cartilage
2. marine
3. spiny placoid scales imbedded in leathery skin
4. no swim bladder |
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Term
Define the following characteristic of Class Chondrichthyes:
Senses |
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Definition
1. chemoreception highly developed (taste/smell)
2. lateral line system
3. Ampullary organs of Lorenzini
(passive electroreception vs active in electric eel, electric rays) |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Class Sarcoptyerigii
1. Lung fish
2. Coelocanth |
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Definition
1. paired fleshy fins
2. fins fleshy at base only |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Class Actinoptyerygii
1. Skeleton
2. Swim Bladder
3. Scales
4. Locomotion |
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Definition
1. partially or completely bony
2. in many to control buoyancy
3. Ganoid or Cycloid and ctenoid
4. most fins are steering
-trunk and tail provide thrust |
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Term
Define the following characteristics of Class Actinoptyerygii
1. Respiration
2. Diet
3. Migrations |
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Definition
1. countercurrent gill circulation
-air bladder sometimes serves as lung
-eels and catfish=cutaneous
2. mostly carnivores
3. catadromous= migrate downstream
ex. Eels- spawn and die in Sargasso Sea
Andromous=migrate upstream
ex. Salmon- spawn in freshwater |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of a neuron? |
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Definition
1. cell body- cytoplasm, nucleus, other organelles
2. dendrites- multiple processes that bring impulses to cell body
3. axon- single process that carries impulses away from cell body |
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Term
| What are some types of neurons? |
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Definition
1. Afferent (sensory; heat>skin>impulse)
2. Efferent (motor; CNS-muscles)
3. Interneurons- connect afferent and efferent
-Aff and Eff are outside CNS
-Inter are in CNS and are 99% of all neurons |
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Term
Describe Neuroglial cells
1. Schwann cells
2. Astrocytes |
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Definition
-support neurons
1. lay down myelin sheaths around axons
2. store and provide nutrients and ions |
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Term
|
Definition
-bundle of neurons wrapped in connective tissue
-ganglia- bundles of cell bodies outside CNS |
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Term
| Describe the process of nerve impulses |
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Definition
1. All or none phenomenon
2. Resting potential (-70mV) - negative charge inside
3. Action potential- membrane becomes permeable to Na
4. Na/K restores resting potential |
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Term
| Describe the speed of impulse in invertebrates and vertebrates |
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Definition
Invertebrates- axons are unmyelinated
-speed is proportional to diameter
ex. squid and earthworm giant axons
Vertebrate- axons have nodes of Ranvier between sheathed regions
-action potential jumps from node to node |
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Term
Describe the components of Synapses
1. Presynaptic neuron
2. Postsynaptic neuron
3. Synaptic cleft |
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Definition
1. carries impulse to synapse
2. carries impulse away from synapse
3. gap between two synapses |
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Term
| Describe the function of synapse |
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Definition
1. ends of presynaptic neurons have vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules (acetylcholine)
2. action potential arriving at presynaptic knobs causes release of acetycholine into cleft
3. acetylcholine crosses cleft, binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane
-if enough is present an action potential is triggered, continuing impulse
4. acetylcholinesterase destroys the released acetylcholine and new acetylcholine is synthesize and stored in vesicles |
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Term
Describe the nervous system in the following invertebrates:
1. Cnidaria
2. Flatworms
3. Annelids
4. Molluscs
5. Arthropods |
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Definition
1. two way synapse transmission- no sensory, motor, interneuron specialization
2. bilateral system- pair of anterior ganglia, double nerve cord, lateral branches, first CNS
3. pair of anterior ganglia- ganglia in each segment, first differentiated sensory and motor neurons
4. pair of anterior cerebral ganglia plus 3 other ganglia
5. similar to annelids but ganglia and sense organs are more highly developed |
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Term
Describe the peripheral nervous system
1. Efferent division
2. Afferent division |
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Definition
1. commands to muscles, glands
-somatic, autonomic, (para)sympathetic
2. info receptors |
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Term
Describe the following chemoreceptors
1. pheromones
2. tase
3. olfaction |
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Definition
1. organic compounds released to elicit a response
2. collection of receptor cells; microvilli extend out of pore; taste molecules bind to receptor sites
3. nasal cavity epithelium, mucous covered, lined with olfactory receptor neurons with cilia at ends |
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Term
Describe the following mechanoreceptors:
1. light touch
2. deep touch
3. pain
4. temperature |
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Definition
1. just under epidermis; adapt quickly
2. deeper in dermis; adapt quickly
3. bare nerve endings through body except brain
-do not adapt quickly
4. separate cold and warm receptors
-some adaption but not total
>10 or <48 degrees Celsius |
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Term
Describe the following mechanoreceptors:
1. Hearing
2. Equilibrium |
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Definition
1. pinna-auditory canal-typanic membrane-ossicles-oval window-cochlea-cochlear nerve
-loudness: number of hairs stimulated
-loss of hearing: hair deterioration
2. saccule and utricle- static balance
semicircular canals- rotational acceleration |
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Term
Describe the following photoreceptors:
1. Retina
2. Rods
3. Cones
4. Pigment
5. Blind spot |
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Definition
1. light sensitive rear of eye
2. majority of photoreceptors; colorless
3. color vision
4. Rhodopsin generates nerve impulse
5. lack of receptors at optic nerve |
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Term
Describe the general characteristics of Class Amphibia
1. Body shape
2. Blood
3. Development
4. Skin |
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Definition
1. Tetrapod anamniote
2. Cold blooded/ectothermic
3. aquatic eggs and larval stage predominate; metamorphosis to terrestrial adult
4. Skin is moist |
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Term
Describe Order Gymnophiona
1. Body shape
2. Skin
3. Burrowers
4. Diet |
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Definition
Naked snake
1. long and limbless
2. skin is moist, some with small imbedded scales
3. eyes reduced; but have sensory tentacles
4. eat earthworms, etc |
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Term
Describe Order Urodela
1. Characteristics
2. Reproduction
3. Respiration
4. Paedomorphosis |
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Definition
Newts and Salamanders
1. tail; forelimbs and hindlimbs of equal size
-larvae and adults are carnivorous
2. courtship, sperm transfer via spermatophore; internal fertilization
-eggs either aquatic (jelly) or terrestrial (moist earth)
3. cutaneous- vascular skin and mouth lining
-gills often in aquatic forms
-lungs in terrestrial forms |
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Term
Describe Order Urodela
1. Paedomorphosis
2. Newts vs Salamanders |
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Definition
1. retention of juvenile features as an adult
a. mudpuppy-aquatic gilled larva matures and reproduces; never metamorphoses
b. axolotl- wester race of tiger salamander
-aquatic gilled larva matures and reproduces
-only metamorphoses in pond dries up
2. Newts are in same family as some salamanders
-newts become terrestrial as juvenile, then aquatic as adult |
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Term
Describe Order Anura
1. Characteristics
2. Skin |
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Definition
Frogs and Toads
1. adults lack tail; strong hindlimbs for jumping
-adults carnivorous
-larvae are tailed, legless, herbivores
2. soft keratin protein layer provides protection
-mucous glands moisten and waterproof
-serous gland toxin provides defense
-chromatophores camouflage |
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Term
Describe Order Anura
1. Respiration
2. Circulation
3. Reproduction |
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Definition
1. larvae-internal gills
adults- cutaneous (vascular skin and mouth); lungs
2. 3 chambered heart; 1 ventricle and 2 atria; double circulation
3. external
-amplexus |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. Endocrine glands
2. Exocrine glands
3. Neurosecretory cells
4. Other secretory organs |
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Definition
1. secrete into blood stream (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas)
2. secrete via ducts (sweat, scent, salivary)
3. specialized nerve cells that release hormones into blood
-hypothalmus; travel to pituitary
4. testes and ovaries (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)
-heart: ANP (blood pressure) |
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Term
Describe the following hormones produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland:
1. Thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
5. Prolactin
6. Growth hormone (GH)
7. Melanocyte stimulation hormone (MSH) |
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Definition
1. stimulates production of T3 and T4 by thyroid
-stimulates metabolic rate; growth and development of nervous system; metamorphosis in frogs
2. stimulates hormone production by adrenal gland
3. egg production
4. ovulation
5. breast development, milk production
6. regulates body growth
7. pigmentation in ectotherms |
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Term
Describe the following hormones produced by the Posterior Pituitary Gland:
1. Oxytocin
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
*these hormones are produced by the hypothalmus
1. uterine contraction at birth and milk ejection during suckling
2. water reabsorption by kidney |
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Term
Describe the following hormones:
1. Melatonin
2. Insulin
3. Glucogen |
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Definition
1. produced in Pineal gland
-seasonal reproductive cycles in mammals (not humans)
-circadian rhythm in non-mammalian vertebrates and inverts
-seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in humans
2. produced in Pancreas
-controls entry of glucose from blood into cells
3. Pancreas
-converts liver glycogen into glucose |
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Term
Describe the following hormones:
1. Epinerphrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Glucocorticoids
4. Mineralcorticoids |
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Definition
*produced in Adrenal medulla
1. adrenaline
2. noradrenaline
-fight or flight response similar to sympathetic nervous system
*produced in Adrenal cortex
3. controls food metabolism
4. controls salt balance |
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