Term
| Describe the difference between organic and inorganic molecules |
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Definition
| Organic molecules contain carbon (and usually hydrogen). Inorganic molecules can contain carbon or hydrogen, but not both. |
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Term
| Explain the significance of carbon to the diversity of biological molecules |
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Definition
| Carbon can form a lot of different structures, therefore it can perform many different functions. Carbon molecules come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes |
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Term
| Why are functional groups important? |
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Definition
| Functional groups are the components of molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions by attaching to a non-polar molecule and allowing it to dissolve. |
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Term
| How can you tell if a functional group will be hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| Determining the electronegativity of the atoms of a phosphate group will allow you to determine if it will be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Oxygen and Nitrogen are the most electronegative |
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Term
| What is the relationship between monomers & polymers? What kind of chemical bonds hold monomers together? |
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Definition
| Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. Monomers are held together by covalent bonds |
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Term
| Explain what a dehydration synthesis reaction is and why it’s the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction. |
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Definition
| A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that results in a covalent bond between two monomers by the removal of a water molecule. A hydrolysis reaction is the disassembly of polymers by addition of a water molecule |
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Term
| What are the 4 biological macromolecules? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugars and starches made of carbon and hydrogen that function as energy storage and provide structure for plants, fungus, and arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structural differences between structural and storage polysaccharides. Which organisms are each polysaccharide example found in? |
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Definition
Storage polysaccharides (glycogen, starch) store energy, structural polysaccharides form the structure in an organism (cellulose, chitin).
Cellulose & starch = plants
Glycogen & chitin = animals/arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the levels of protein structure? Do all proteins have all levels all the time? |
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Definition
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
No; only primary, secondary and tertiary are required and present in all proteins |
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Term
| How might the structure of a protein be disrupted? |
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Definition
| changes in temperature, pH, hydrophobicity |
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Term
| If the structure of a protein is disrupted, can it ever be reformed? |
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Definition
| Small proteins may be renatured with assistance from other proteins |
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Term
| What are some common functions of proteins? |
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Definition
| enzymes, structural support, transport, storage, defense, gene regulation |
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Term
| Why are nitrogenous bases so important to the structure of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
| The pairing of nitrogenous bases gives nucleic acids their structure |
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Term
| What are the nitrogenous bases? |
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Definition
| adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil |
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Term
| What are the possible complementary base pairs within a DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| adenine to thymine & guanine to cytosine |
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Term
| What is a complementary base pair? |
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Definition
| either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA |
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Term
| Compare and contrast DNA with RNA. |
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Definition
DNA: no hydroxyl group on carbon 2, sugar is deoxyribose, double stranded, information storage
RNA: hydroxyl group on carbon 2, sugar is ribose, single stranded, messenger molecule |
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Term
| Why don’t we discuss “lipid monomers”? |
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Definition
| There is no monomer associated with lipids. Rather, its defining characteristic is its insolubility in water |
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Term
| What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? |
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Definition
Saturated: no double bonds between carbon atoms; solid at room temp
Unsaturated: one or more double bonds between carbon atoms; liquid at room temp |
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Term
| How are all the cellular macromolecules linked? |
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Definition
| DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated for protein production. Carbohydrates and lipids provide the energy needed for this transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of carbon-based compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| something unrelated to organic matter or organic life, not animal or vegetable, or a chemical compound that does not contain carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical element with an atomic number of 6, and is widely distributed forming organic compounds when combined with hydrogen, oxygen, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| polar -OH functional group |
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Term
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Definition
| functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl; acidic ionic functional group that attracts water and other ions |
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Term
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Definition
| one of several nitrogen-containing functional groups found in organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| makes a molecule anionic due to huge negative charge; involved in cellular energy transfer; contains a phosphorus atom |
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Term
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Definition
| An extremely large biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating molecular units that are the building blocks of polymers |
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Term
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Definition
| long molecule of many similar, or even identical, building blocks that are held together by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reaction that results in a covalent bond between two monomers & the removal of a water molecule; primary means of organic polymer production |
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Term
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Definition
| disassembly of polymers by addition of a water molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in a ratio of approximately 2:1 |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple sugar that cannot be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain |
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Term
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Definition
| two sugars; multiples of CH20 |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds with the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures |
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Term
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Definition
| the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| structural polysaccharide that forms plant cell walls; polymer of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| structural polysaccharide made by fungus and arthropods; polymer of NAG; exoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| storage polysaccharide made by plants, formed in branched or unbranched chains |
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Term
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Definition
| storage polysaccharide made by animals; consists entirely of glucose monomers |
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Term
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Definition
| a polymer of amino acids that are held together by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more polypeptides folded into very specific conformation |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer of protein that posses both carboxyl and amino groups |
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Term
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Definition
| variable group that determines the differences between amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bond formed between two amino acids via dehydration synthesis |
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Term
| primary protein structure |
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Definition
| the order in which amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain |
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Term
| secondary protein structure |
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Definition
| segments of a polypeptide that fold or coil independently to contribute to the overall shape of a polypeptide; formation is due to hydrogen bonds within the polypeptide backbone |
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Term
| tertiary protein structure |
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Definition
| overall 3D shape of the polypeptide that results from interactions between R groups (their charges) of various amino acids |
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Term
| quaternary protein structure |
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Definition
| interactions between two or more separate tertiary structures |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain is wound into a spiral due to interactions between amino and carboxyl groups in the peptide backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide folds back on itself one or more times to form a planar structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups in the peptide backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual polypeptide chain within a larger, quaternary protein |
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Term
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Definition
| 3D native shape of a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the unfolding of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| return of a protein to its native conformation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monomer of nucleic acids; composed of a nitrogenous base, a 5C sugar, and a phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
| five carbon sugar central to a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small; cytosine, thymine & uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| monomers of RNA; ribose & nitrogenous bases A, C, G, & U |
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Term
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Definition
| monomers of DNA; deoxyribose & nitrogenous bases A, C, G, & T |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid; double stranded helix that functions as information storage |
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Term
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Definition
| ribonucleic acid; single stranded messenger molecule held together by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphate group at one end of a single strand of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| OH molecule at one end of a single strand of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which the DNA double-helix runs in opposite directions of each other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate; nucleotide that is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine diphosphate; adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups; the end product when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules consisting mostly of hydrocarbons that are mostly, or completely, hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| primary fat storage molecule in animals consisting of a glycerol molecule covalently linked to 3 fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a long hydrocarbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at one end |
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Term
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Definition
| a 3C molecule with 3 hydroxyl groups |
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Term
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Definition
| no double bonds between carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain; solid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in a fatty acid that form "kinks" in the chain; liquid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
| commercially generated through hydrogenation process; unsaturated with high melting point which extends shelf life |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that consist of four fused rings in their carbon backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; additional small molecules may be attached to the phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
| having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
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Term
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Definition
| double-layer of phospholipids arranged with hydrophilic head groups facing the water and hydrophobic tails in the center, away from the water |
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