Term
Describe the following characteristics for Ribosomes:
1. Structure
2. Function
3. Location |
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Definition
1. solid subunits; made of 1-3 rRNA's and 20-30 proteins
2. protein synthesis
3. free in cytoplasm, attached to ER, inside mitochondria or chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
-aqueous mixture with proteins
-many proteins are enzymes |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics for the Nucleus:
1. Structure
2. Function
3. Location
4. Nucleolus? |
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Definition
1. Double membrane
-contains thousands of pores that regulate transportation
-Proteins targeted for the Nucleus have a short peptide Nuclear Localization Signal
2. stores DNA
3. center of cell
4. Nucleolus stores genes that code for rRNA |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics for Endoplasmic Reticulum:
1. Structure
2. What two types?
3. Function |
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Definition
1. single membrane surrounding central lumen
-composed of tubes and flattened sacs
-can take up to 10% of cell's volume
2. Rough and Smooth
3.The proteins in the ER can be chemically modified to alter their functions.
- “tagged” with a short peptide signal to mark them for delivery to various organelles by vesicles.
-Some of these proteins have an oligo-
saccharide chain attached and form Glycoproteins. |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics for the Rough ER:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. studded with ribosomes
2. synthesize Glycoproteins, membrane-bound proteins, and proteins destined for various organelles |
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Term
Describe the following characteristics for the Smooth ER:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. lacks ribosomes and is more tubular than flattened sacs
2. chemically modify some of the proteins made in rough ER
-detoxification
-synthesis of phospholipids and other lipids (steroids) |
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Term
| Describe the Endomembrane system |
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Definition
-group of functionally interrelated organelles
-includes includes the Nuclear Envelope, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Plasma Membrane, and other vesicles
-Cells which secrete large amounts of proteins have more extensive ER than other cells
-Vesicles transport proteins synthesized by the ER to the Golgi Apparatus |
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Term
Describe the following for the Golgi Apparatus:
1. Structure
2. Functions |
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Definition
1. flattened sacs surrounding lumen
2. store and modify carb portion of glycoproteins
-concentrates, packages and sorts proteins
-synthesize polysaccharides for cell wall |
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Term
Describe the following for the Lysosome:
1. Structure
2. Functions
3. Primary and Secondary |
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Definition
1. large vesicle containing digestive enzymes (glycoproteins)
-single membrane
2. digestion via hydrolytic reactions
3. primary comes from golgi
-secondary fuses phagosome |
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Term
Describe the following for the Mitochondria:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. Double membrane
2. convert energy in organic molecules into ATP |
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Term
Describe the following for the Chloroplast:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. 3 membranes
2. photosynthesis |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Plastids and what are their functions? |
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Definition
1. Chloroplasts- photosynthesis
2. Chromoplasts-store pigments
3. Leukoplasts- store food |
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Term
| What is the Endosymbiant Theory? |
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Definition
| large prokaryotic cells engulfed small ones leading to double membranes and mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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Term
Describe the following for the Microbodies:
1. Structure
2. Function
3. Examples |
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Definition
1. vesicle-like
2. contain enzymes for specific functions
3. perioxisomes-contain catalyase to degrade hydrogen peroxide
glyoxysomes- contain digestive enzymes; convert lipids into carbs |
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Term
Describe the following for the Vacuoles:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. similar to vesicles
2. -storage of food or waste
-maintain turgor pressure
-store anthocyan (pigment) |
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Term
Describe the following for the Microfilaments:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. thin rods of actin
2. cellular movement (muscle contraction), cytoplasmic division |
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Term
Describe the following for the Intermediate Filaments:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. thin rods of keratin
2. maintain cellular shape |
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Term
Describe the following for the Microtubules:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. Larger, long hollow tubes of Tubulin contributing to the cytoskeleton
2. form cellular roads
-form cilia and flagella |
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Term
Describe the following for the Cell Wall:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. thin mat of cellulose fibers
2. support cell
-limits volume to help maintain turgor pressure
-protects from fungi and bacteria |
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Term
Describe the following for the ECM:
1. Structure
2. Function |
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Definition
1. interwoven mat of fibrous proteins
2. help connect adjacent cells to each other |
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Term
| What makes the membrane selectively permeable? |
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Definition
-Polar molecules cannot pass through hydrophobic center
-Nonpolar can generally diffuse through membrane |
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Term
| Why is the cell membrane called a Fluid Mosaic Model? |
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Definition
Fluid: Phospholipids in membrane are not covalently bonded so they are free to move
Mosaic: Proteins and Carbohydrates (glycoproteins/lipids) are embedded into the membrane |
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Term
| What are the 3 factors that affect fluidity? |
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Definition
1. Shorter hydrocarbon chains
2. More unsaturated hydrocarbons
3. More cholesterol |
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Term
| What are the two types of membrane proteins? |
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Definition
1. Peripheral- less closely associated to membrane; loosely bound; used for polar bonding
2. Integral- more closely associated; transverse; used for non polar bonding |
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Term
| What are the functions of membrane proteins? |
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Definition
1. Transport
2. Enzymes
3. Receptors
4. Cell Adhesion
5. Anchor organelles
6. Antigens (glycoproteins)
7. |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of the 3 types of animal cell junctions? |
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Definition
1. Tight Junctions
Structure: proteins stitch membranes together
Function: limit movement of materials through space between cells
-limit movement of proteins and lipids in membrane
-connect adjacent cells
2. Desmosomes
Structure: Keratin fibers connect adjacent Cytoplasmic Plaques
Function: connect cells that are subject to greater mechanical stress
3. Gap Junctions
Structure: transport proteins form channels connecting cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Function: communication |
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Term
| How does the cell connect to the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
-transmembrane Integrin proteins
-connect Actin microfilaments to protein in ECM
-bond is non covalent and reversible |
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Term
| The rate of diffusion depends are what 4 factors? |
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Definition
1. electrical charge
2. temperature
3. concentration
4. molecular size |
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Term
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| the diffusion of macromolecules and polar molecules across a membrane using proteins |
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Term
| What is primary active transport? |
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Definition
| the transport of a substance against its concentration gradient with the expenditure of energy |
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Term
| What is secondary active transport? |
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Definition
| the uses of active transport to drive facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of transporters? |
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Definition
1. Uniports- one solute
2. Synports- two solutes in same direction
3. Antiports- two solutes in different directions |
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Term
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Definition
-diffusion of water
-water moves through aquaporins
-can bind to cations like Na |
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Term
| What is the definition of metabolism? |
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Definition
| total chemical activity of a living organism |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of energy? |
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Definition
1. Kinetic Energy: The type possessed by moving objects
2. Potential Energy: The type possessed because of location or arrangement
3. Chemical Energy: Form of Potential Energy stored in Molecules because of the arrangement of atoms |
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Term
| What are the two types of metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
1. Catabolic- break down and release energy
2. Anabolic- build up and input energy |
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Term
| What are the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
1. energy may neither be created or destroyed
2. in any energy conversion, some energy is lost from doing work, so Entropy increases |
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Term
| What is a typical energy equation and what the letters stand for? |
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Definition
H=G+TS
H- enthalpy; total energy of molecule
G- free energy; usable energy available for work
T- temperature
S- entropy; unusable energy |
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Term
| What is chemical equilibrium? |
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Definition
Point in a Reversable Chemical Reaction at which there is no net change in the concentration of Reactants or Products
Ke = [Products]/[Reactants] |
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Term
| What is Gibb's Free Energy (Delta G)? |
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Definition
| H of Products - H of Reactants |
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Term
| Explain the relationship of Delta G and Exergonic and Endergonic reactions. |
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Definition
Exergonic: -G; larger the -G the more energy released; larger Ke
Endergonic: +G, larger the +G the more energy required; smaller Ke |
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Term
| What is a major function of ATP? |
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Definition
-Couple Exergonic to Endergonic Reactions.
-ADP picks up energy from an Exergonic reaction (Cellular Respiration) and uses the energy to attach a PO4 making ATP.
-ATP can be split to give off energy to drive another reaction |
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Term
| How are substrates held to the active site? |
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds, electrical attractions, temporary covalent bonds |
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Term
| How can enzymes induce change? |
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Definition
-cause bonds to stretch and break
-transfer H+ from acidic side group
-form temporary covalent bond with side group
-donate or receive electron from metal ion |
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Term
| What non protein partners assist enzymes? |
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Definition
-prosthetic groups are non peptide functional groups bound to enzyme
-cofactors are inorganic ions
-coenzymes are small molecules derived from vitamins |
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Term
| What is Competitive Inhibition? |
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Definition
-occurs when inhibitor is shaped much like substrate
-binds to active site and blocks it |
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Term
| What is Noncompetitive Inhibition? |
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Definition
-occurs when an inhibitor binds to separate site and changes the shape of the enzyme
*Allosteric- two different shapes |
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Term
| What is Feedback Inhibition? |
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Definition
-occurs when a product from end of a metabolic pathway acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor
-inactivates enzymes earlier in pathway |
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Term
| What are 4 denaturing agents? |
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Definition
1. Heat
2. Strong Acid
3. Strong Base
4. Highly charged ions |
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