Term
| Hydroxyl (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| Polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom |
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Term
| Hydroxyl (functional property 2) |
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Definition
| can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugar |
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Term
| Carbonyl (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanol |
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Term
| Carbonyl (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| These two groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars; aldoses (containing an aldehyde) and ketones(containing a ketose) |
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Term
| Carboxyl (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| Has acidic properties (is a source of hydrogen ions) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar |
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Term
| Carboxyl (functional property 2) |
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Definition
| Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion |
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Term
| Amino (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| acts as a base; Can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water in living organisms) |
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Term
| Amino (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| acts as a base; Can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water in living organisms) |
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Term
| Amino (functional property 2) |
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Definition
| Ionized with a 1+; under cellular conditions |
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Term
| Sulfhydral (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| Two sulfhydral groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure |
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Term
| Sulfhydral (functional property 2) |
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Definition
| Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins gives shape |
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Term
| Sulfhydral (functional property 2) |
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Definition
| Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins gives shape |
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Term
| Phosphate (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| Contributes a negative charge to molecules of which it is apart (2- when at the end; 1 - when located internally in a chain of phosphates) |
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Term
| Phosphate (functional property 2) |
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Definition
| Has the potential to react with water, releasing energy |
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Term
| Methyl (functional property 1) |
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Definition
| Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes |
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Term
| Methyl (functional property 2) |
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Definition
| Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function |
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