11

Monoterpene

Number of Isoprene units?

Name?

2 Isoprene units

Geraniol

11

Sesquiterpene

Number of Isoprene units?

Name?

3 Isoprene units

Farnesene

11

Diterpene

Number isoprene units?

name?

4 isoprene units

Phytol

11

Triterpene

number isoprene units?

name?

6 isoprene units

Squalene

11

Tetraterpene

number isoprene units?

name?

8 isoprene units

β-Carotene

11

1 Cholesterol (C₂₇) is synthesized from...

11

Cholesterol Esters formed in the liver by...

11

Lipoprotein: Chylomicron

11

Lipoprotein: LDL

11

Lipoprotein: VLDL

11

Lipoprotein: HDL

11

Sex steroid class built on 21 Carbons that control growth and development

11

steroid class with 21 Carbons responsible for Na⁺ and K⁺ levels in blood

Mineralocorticoid

(Aldosterone)

11

steroid class with 21 Carbons that are responsible for anti-inflammation; Gluconeogenesis

Glucocorticoids

(Cortisol)

11

made of 24 carbons in the GI track Bile Acid micelles aid absorption of fats: excretion product of cholesterol

Polar Detergents

(Cholic acid)

11

Prostaglandins

11

Thromboxanes

11

Leukotrienes

11

Vitamin A

Retinol - Reproduction

Retinal - Vision

Retinoic Acid - nuclear receptor; gene expression in skin

11

Vitamin D

Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D₃ - formed in skin by UV exposure

Calcitriol - hormone for Vitamin D nuclear receptor

Increases Calcium and phosphate in blood and bone mineralization

11

Vitamin E

tocopherols

Lipid soluble reducing agent

scavenges Reactive Oxygen Species

act as antioxidants

11

Vitamin K

phylloquinone

posttranscriptional modification of proteins with carboxyglutamte

carboxylases are needed in blood coagulation and bone mineralization

12

TAG Absorption

name enzyme.

TAG → 2 FA + 1 MAG

12

TAG Absorption

Name enzyme

FA + ATP + CoASH → Acyl-CoA + AMP + PPi

12

TAG Absorption

Name enzyme

Acyl-CoA + MAG → TAG

12

TAG Biosynthesis

Glycerol + __Acyl-CoA + __ATP → TAG + 3 CoA + ADP + Pi

3 Acyl-CoA

1 ATP

12

TAG Biosynthesis

Glycerol → Glycerol-3-Pi

enzyme?

12

TAG Biosynthesis

First Acyl-CoA transferred to R1 via ___

12

TAG Biosynthesis

Second Acyl-CoA transferred to R2 to form ___

12

TAG Biosynthesis

Phosphatidate hydrolyzed to ____

12

TAG Biosynthesis

Third Acyl-CoA transferred to R3 to form ___

TAG

(Triacylglyceride)

12

TAG Catabolism

TAG + 3H₂O → ____ + _____

by what enzyme?

Glycerol + 3 FA

Lipases

12

FA transport to Mitochondria

Acyl group is transferred to ____ in intermembrane space of mitochondria

12

FA Transport into Mitochondria

Acylcarnitine is transported in matrix via ___

12

Unsaturated FA Oxidation

_____(how many?) cycles of Beta Oxidation on ____ produce unsaturated βeta carbon

3

Oleic Acid

12

Unsaturated FA Oxidation

_____ moves double bond in conjugation with ketone

what enzyme?

12

Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation

C₆ Acyl-CoA + _FAD + _NAD + _CoA + 2H₂O → __Acetyl-CoA + _FADH₂ + _NADH + 2H⁺

12

Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation

Name enzyme and product if any

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Dehydrogenase (FAD)

2. Hydrase

3. Dehydrogenase (NAD⁺)

4. Thiolase

12

Oxidation of Odd-Numbered FA

Propionyl-CoA → Succinyl-CoA

1st enzyme:______=>_____containing

2nd enzyme:______=>_____containing

carboxylase => Biotin containing

mutase => Vitamin B₁₂ ; cobalamin containing

12

Ketogenesis

HMG-CoA (C₆) → Acetyl-CoA (C₂) + ____ + CoA

what enzyme is used?

Acetoacetate (C₄)

HMG-CoA lyase

12

Ketogenesis

Acetoacetate (C₄) + NADH → _____ + NAD⁺

Hydroxybutyrate

12

Ketogenesis

Acetoacetate (C₄) → ____ + CO₂

what causes ketoacidosis?

Acetone

release of carboxylic acid ketone bodies acidifies blood (ketoacidosis)

12

Ketone bodies used as Energy

___ and ___ cells (but not ___) convert Hydroxybutyrate to energy sources

12

Ketone bodies used as Energy

__ATP/Hydroxybutyrate

12

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Malonyl-CoA forms from ___ containing enzyme and ___ is used to activate CO₂

Biotin

ATP

12

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Four elongation reactions

1.

2.

3.

4.

name enzyme and cofactor if present

1. Synthase

2. Reductase (NADPH)

3. Dehydrase

4. Reductase (NADPH)

12

Synthesis of Malonyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase is a ___ containing enzyme used to activate CO₂

12

Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Biosynthesis (Acetyl-CoA → Malonyl-CoA) occurs in ____

Beta-Oxidation (Acetyl-CoA→CO₂) occurs in ____

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

12

Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1)

Acetyl-CoA enters cytosol by _____

___ - allosteric activator (promotes __form of ACC1)

___ - allosteric inhibitor (promotes __form of ACC1)

citrate-pyruvate cycle

Citrate - (polymer form)

Palmitoyl-CoA - (monomer form)

12

Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Hormone Action

___promotes active form of ACC1 by dephosphorylation

___promotes inactive form of ACC1 by phosphorylation

Insulin

Glucagon

12

Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids

De Novo 

Choline → ______

how many ATP's are used for activation?

CDP-choline

3 ATP's

12

Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids

De Novo

DAG + CDP-choline → ___ + ___

12

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

What is a strong methyl donor or PE?

12

Biosynthesis of Sphingomylein and Glycolipids

Ceramide + UDP-Glc → ___ + ___

Ceramide + Phosphatidylcholine → ___ + ___

Glucosylceramide + UDP

Sphingomylein + DAG

12

Isoprenoid and Terpene Biosynthesis

In the first committed step how many NADPH and NADP⁺

HMG-CoA + _NADPH → Mevalonate + _NADP⁺ + CoA

12

Squalene Biosynthesis

Energy Costs:

__ Acetyl-CoA

__ ATP

__ NADPH

36 Acetyl CoA

18 ATP

13 NADPH

14

Essential Amino Acids

Leucine

Isoleucine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

14

Blood leaving the liver is enriched in __, ___, and ___ 

14

An overall gain in protein gives a ___ nitrogen balance which is a ____ (catabolic/anabolic) state

An overall loss in protein gives a ___ nitrogen balance which is a ____ (catabolic/anabolic) state

Positive; anabolic

Negative; catabolic

14

Intracellular Nitrogen storage

____ transfers NH₃ to α-ketoglutarate to form ____

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glutamate

14

Intracellular Nitrogen Storage

____ converts Glutamate to Glutamine

14

____ is the primary transporter of Nitrogen

Glutamine

(along with Alanine)

14

Transaminases are ___ dependent enzymes

14

Humans have aminotranferases for all amino acids except ___ and ____

14

Schiff Base

C-N bond cleavage

tranfer amino group to form pyridoxamine phosphate

14

Glutamate

What family?

synthesized from?

function?

Glutamate family

• synthesized from a-ketoglutarate using NH₃ aminotransferases
• energy source for many tissues

14

GLutamine

family?

synthesized from?

function?

Glutamate family

synthesized from Glutamate using GLutamine synthetase

used as Nitrogen source for purine, pyrimidine and amino sugars

14

Proline

what family?

synthesized from?

Glutamate family

synthesized from glutamate by phosphorylation; reduction; cyclization; reduction

14

Arginine

what family?

synthesized from what?

Glutamate

synthesized from ornithine in urea cycle

14

Serine

what family?

synthesized from?

14

Serine

synthesized from glycerate-3-Pi oxidation; amino group transfer from Glutamate

14

GLycine

family?

synthesized from?

Serine

synthesized from serine by tranfer of hydroxymethyl R-group to THF

N⁵,N¹⁰-methylene-tetrahydrofolate

family?

synthesized from

serine

needed for one carbon transfers in purine biosynthesis

Cysteine

family?

synthesized from?

Serine

synthesized from Serine by 2-step rxn using homocysteine to donate -SH group

14

Aspartate

family?

synthesized?

Aspartate

via transaminase reactions from oxaloacetate

14

Aspargine

family?

synthesized?

Aspartate

via amino group transfer from Gln to Aspartate

14

Threonine

family?

synthesized?

Aspartate

via branch of homoserine

14

Valine

family?

synthesized?

Pyruvate family

Glutamate tranfers amino groups

14

Leucine

family?

synthesized?

Pyruvate

Acetyl-CoA provides carbon

Glu transfers amino group

14

Isoleucine

family?

synthesized?

Pyruvate

threonine used with pyruvate to form a-keot methyl valerate

14

Histidine

famliy?

synthesized?

histidine

carbon backbone derived from ribose

adenine ring of ATP provides 1 nitrogen and 1 carbon

Gln provides second nitrogen

14

6-amino purine

14

2-amino-6-oxo-purine

14

2,6-dioxo-purine

14

6-oxo-purine

14

2,4,-dioxo-5-methyl pyrimidine

14

2-oxo-4-amino pyrimidine

14

2,4-dioxopyrimidine

Purine ring precursors

N1 -

C2 and C8 -

N3 and N9 -

C4, C5 and N7 - 

C6 - 

- Aspartate

-10-formyltetrahydrofolate

- Glutamine

- Glycine

- CO2