Term
| what is the end product of aerobic glycolysis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pyruvate converted to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the endproduct of anaerobic glycolysis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how many ATPs are made for each glucose>>>lactate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is oxidative branch? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidative branch: reversible? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is non-oxidative branch? |
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Definition
| ribulose 5-P to ribose-5-P etc |
|
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Term
| is non-oxidative branch reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| drug-induced hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| what is the purpose of liver fatty acid/TAG biosynthesis and adipose TAG re-synthesis? |
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Definition
| storage of excess dietary fuel for use during fasting states |
|
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Term
| where does fatty acid biosynthesis occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in general, how is a fatty acid synthesized? |
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Definition
| repetitive 2 carbon units attached to a hydrocarbon, which is covalently attached to an acyl carrier protein (ACP) while being extended |
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Term
| what is the first step of fatty acid synthesis? |
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Definition
| formation of malonyl-CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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|
Term
| what is the fatty acid storage form in adipose |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does triacylglycerol synthesis start? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are liver TAGs packaged in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| packages liver TAGs and takes them through the blood to adipose and other tissues |
|
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Term
| glycogen synthase: whish is active and which is inactive? |
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Definition
dephosphorylated (a) is active
phosphorylated (b) is inactive |
|
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Term
| what is the effect on glycogen synthesis when insulin is present |
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Definition
| insulin>>>phosphatase>>>dephosphorylates glycogen synthase>>>glycogen synthesis |
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Term
| what is the effect on glycogen synthesis when glucagon or epinephrine is present? |
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Definition
| glucagon/epinephrine>>>cAMP-activated PKA phosphorylates glycogen synthase>>>inhibits synthase>>>glycogen breakdown |
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Term
| what are the 2 ways that the body makes ATP? |
|
Definition
1) substrate level phosphorylation, using chemical energy of high energy intermediates
2) REDOX energy (oxidative phosphorylation)>>>preferred |
|
|
Term
| where do reducing equivalents end up in aerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do reducing equivalents end up in anaerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| another function of shuttling systems other than getting the reducing equivalents into the mitochondria |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if the glycerol phosphate shuttle is used, how many ATP are produced |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if the malate shuttle is used, how many ATP are produced? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
1) make ATP
2) recycle NAD and FAD so that ATP production can continue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insoluble, glucose in linear alpha-1,4-linkages and branched alpha-1,6-linkages |
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|
Term
| 2 places where glycogen is synthesized most often |
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Definition
| liver and resting musclre |
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Term
| where does pentose shunt take place? (organ and area of cell) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| main function of pentose shunt? |
|
Definition
| creation of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| where does TAG biosynthesis occur |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which tissues use glucokinase and which use hexokinae? |
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Definition
| glucokinase: liver and adipose. everywhere usees hexokinaser |
|
|
Term
| 2 products of pentose shunt |
|
Definition
NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis
Ribose-5-P for nucleotides (dividing cells) |
|
|
Term
| 3 products of oxidative branch of pentose shunt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is oxidative branch irreversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the oxidative branch of pentose shunt begin (enzyme?)? |
|
Definition
| glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase converts glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| high levels of NADPH is maintained by what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the enzymes of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose shunt |
|
Definition
| transketolase and transaldolase |
|
|
Term
| what does transketolase (non-oxidatve branch, pentose shunt) REQUIRE |
|
Definition
| TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) |
|
|
Term
| what hapens with a thiamine deficiency? |
|
Definition
| TPP sucks, so transketolase is inhibited and non-oxidatve branch of pentose shunt sucks too |
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|
Term
| in the pentose shunt, of R-5-P isn't needed, what happens |
|
Definition
| it is converted back into glycolytic intermediates |
|
|
Term
| what step of the pentose shunt is regulated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hormone induces G6PDH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
think pentose shunt...product?
NADPH |
|
|
Term
| why is a reducing environment important for RBCs |
|
Definition
1) to protect membranes against ROS
2) keep iron in reduced Fe 2+ state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G6PDH deficiency causes what |
|
Definition
normally, no problem, bc supply exceeds need
with drugs, causes drug-induced hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| what is activated form of Glucose-6-phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if u need to add glucose to something, what form do u want it in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does phosphoglucomutase do and in what kind of reaction |
|
Definition
converst G6P to G1P
activation of UDP-glucose
it's reversible |
|
|
Term
| what is added to G1P to make UDP-glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the energy cost of adding one glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides reducing equivalents for fatty acid biosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does acetyl CoA reach the NADPH in the cytoplasm if it is made in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| The TCA cycle changes it to citrate, it goes into the cytoplasm, and is cleaved back into acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| purpose of ATP citrate lyase? |
|
Definition
| to convert citrate back into acetyl CoA because the reaction is very endergonic |
|
|
Term
| function of acetyl CoA carboxylase? |
|
Definition
| first step of fatty acid biosynthesis: converts Acetyl-CoA (with Bicarbonate) to make Malonyl-CoA |
|
|
Term
| what does the first step of fatty acid biosynthesis require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the key regulated enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the activated form of Acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in fatty acid synthesis, how are acyl groups carried |
|
Definition
| as thioesters of cysteine OR as phosphopantethiene |
|
|
Term
| essential cofactor for fatty acid synthase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| essential cofactor for acetyl co-A carboxylase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is initiation reaction of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA and Malonyl CoA charge ACP. Condensation reaction occurs, CO2 is released, and Acetoacetyl ACP is formed |
|
|
Term
| 3 phases of "remodeling" of the fatty acid chain |
|
Definition
1. reduction
2. dehydration
3. reduction |
|
|
Term
| how many NADPH are needed for the elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
| 2 (bc there are 2 reduction phases) |
|
|
Term
| what is final product of elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many acetyl-CoA's are needed for elongation phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many malonyl-CoA's are needed for elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many ATP's are needed for elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many NADPH's are needed for elongation of fatty acid synthesis |
|
Definition
| 14 (7 cycles x 2 NADPH for 2 reduction phases) |
|
|
Term
| what is the activated form for fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is phosphatidate synthesized |
|
Definition
| from DHAP and fatty acyl coA esters |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme is used to make phosphatidate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many acyl groups does phosphatidate have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when VLDL-TAGs reach adipose tissue, what happens? |
|
Definition
| Free fatty acids are cleaved off and used to resynthesize TAGs for storage in adipose |
|
|
Term
| insulin's effect on liver |
|
Definition
| increases glycogen production, TAG/fatty acid biosynthesis, decreases glucose production |
|
|
Term
| Summarize Carbo-Fat pathway |
|
Definition
| glucose>pyruvate>Acetyl CoA>Citrate>Acetyl CoA>Malonyl Co A> fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme activates acetyl CoA carboxylase? |
|
Definition
citrate (feed forward)
insulin |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits Acetyl Co A carboxylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can't insulin and glucagon regulate? |
|
Definition
| things inside the mitochondria (PDH and ATP citrate synthase) |
|
|
Term
| what pathway is glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insulin induces pentose shunt why? |
|
Definition
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