Term
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Definition
| adds phsophate from atp to new molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| redox reaction where carbon is oxidized |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| works with vit b1 to remove C02 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glucose oxidized to pyruvate in 10 reactions |
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Term
| What are the types of reactions of the 5 preparatory reactions of glycolysis. Cost 2 ATP |
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Definition
1)hexokinase
2)isomerization
3)phosphofructokinase
4)kinase
5)isomerization |
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Term
rxn 1 in glycolysis
with use of a hexokinase |
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Definition
| glucose+ ATP----> G6P+ADP |
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Term
rxn 2 of glycolysis
isomerization |
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Definition
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Term
Rxn 3 of gycolysis
phosphofructokinase |
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Definition
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Term
Rxn 4 of glycolysis
cleavage |
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Definition
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Term
rxn 5 of glycolysis
isomerization |
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Definition
| DHAP<-> Glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 |
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Term
| the basics of the last 5 steps in glycolysis. Produces 4 ATP, 2 ATP Net |
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Definition
6) dehyrogenase and phosphorylaton
7)kinase
8)mutase
9)enolase
10)pyruvate kinase |
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Term
rxn 6 of glycolysis
dehydrogenase and phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Glyceraldehyde-3-P --> 1,3 bisP glycerate + NADH |
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Term
rxn 7 of glycolysis
kinase
substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| 1,3 bisP glycerate --->3-P-Glycerate + ATP |
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Term
rxn 8 of glycolysis
mutase |
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Definition
3-p-glycerate ----> 2-p- glycerate
move PO4 from 3c to 2c |
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Term
rxn 9 of glycolysis
enolase |
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Definition
| 2-p-glycerate ----> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) |
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Term
rxn 10 of glycolysis
enolization
tautomerization |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways pyruvate can be used? to make what? |
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Definition
aerobic conditions- in mitochondria to make 3CO2+2H20
Anaerobic conditions (2)- reoxidation of NADH
* in yeast to make ethanol
* in muscle to make lactate |
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Term
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase uses TPP (thiamine..) as a coenzyme to do what? |
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Definition
| decarboxylate pyruvate and form an acetaldehyde |
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Term
GLYCOLYSIS REGULATION
1)what happens when you increase ATP ?
2)what happens to F6P? affect on hexokinase?
3) affect on pyruvate kinase? |
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Definition
1) halts glycolysis increases gluconeogenesis
2) it is converted to G6P, inhibits hexokinase
3) inhibits it and allows PEP -->G6P |
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Term
GLYCOLYSIS REGULATION
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by? stimulated by? |
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Definition
| 1) inhib by ATP, stim by AMP and F2,6bisPO4 |
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Term
glycolysis regulation
what stimulates and inhibits pyruvate kinase? |
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Definition
stim AMP and F1,6bisPO4 removal of PO4
inhib by ATP addition of PO4 on serine |
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Term
When is glycogen made?
What must happen to glucose for glycogenesis?
overall rxn |
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Definition
Made right after a meal when blood glucose is high.
Glucose must be activated as UDP glucose
Glucose --> G6P---> G1P +UTP --> UDPG + Pi |
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Term
Glycogenesis
what transfers glucose from UDPG to glycogen in @1,4 and @1,6 links |
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Definition
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Term
Releasing glucose from glycogen stores is made possible by what two enzymes?
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Definition
| debranching enzyme and phosphorylase which uses Pi to break a @1,4 link producing G1P which gets cOnverted to G6P which is reading used by organs |
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Term
| Discuss insulin vs glucagon |
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Definition
insulin- decrease blood sugar by uptake of glucose by organs
glucagon causes export of sugar into the blood. b/w meals and during sleep. it turns on glycogen phosphorylase to relieve glucose from storage. |
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Term
CORI CYCLE
what happens during vigorous activity between the muscle and liver? |
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Definition
in the muscle pyruvate ->lactate
lactate goes to the liver lactate -> pyruvate
gluconeogenesis pyruvate -> glucose
glucose goes to the muscle to become part of the glycolytic pathway |
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Term
| Pyruvate is either made into what and what using 6 atp? within the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolysis except for 3 steps. what is pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexo/glucokinase replaced with in gluconeogenesis? with what fxns |
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Definition
PK- pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxylkinase
PFK- F1,6bisphosphatase
which removes phosphate from f1,6bisphosphate-->f1phosphate
Kinases- G6phosphatase
which removes phosphate from glucose so that it may be released into the blood. |
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Term
GLUCONEOGENESIS
how does pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxylkinase work? where does each rxn take place |
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Definition
PC uses biotin to carboxylate pyruvate (mitochondria) to oxaloacetate. oxidized to malate so it can leave mitochondria to cytosol.
In cytosol malate reoxidized to oxaloacetate.
PEPCK phosphorylates oxaloacetate to PEP with GTP |
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Term
Hexokinase and gluco kinase are examples of ?
how do they differ? |
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Definition
isozymes
hexokinase responsible for glucose uptake in all tissues except for the liver. inhibited by G6P and ATP.
glucokinase traps glucose in pancreas, liver and brain. triggers insulin release. the more glucose in blood the more glucose it absorbs. inhibited by F6P. |
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Term
All high fructose corn syrup contains?
how is it linked to obesity? |
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Definition
glucose
because fructose is easily metabolized it gets converted to fat storage quicker as well if isnt used up as energy source.
fructose must be phosphorylated 2x before it enters glycolysis |
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Term
Aerobic respiration includes?
how many CO2 lost in total?
and where? |
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Definition
ETC, CAC, OXphos
6C02 lost in total
2 in CAC and 1 in glycolysis from pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. dont forget to multipy by two to get your 6 total C02 |
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Term
where does CAC take place
what are the products? |
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Definition
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Term
IN CAC
how many NADH are reduced? FADH2? GTP?
every time CO2 is released what happens? |
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Definition
3 NADH,
1 FADH2,
1GTP
NAD+ is reduced |
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Term
| What is the overall fxn of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? What is formed after interaction wit the 5 enzyme complex? |
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Definition
To remove CO2 (with vit B1) from pyruvate the @ keto acid and oxidize that pyruvate as well.
NADH+Acetyl CoA+ CO2 |
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Term
Discuss the roles of these cofactors:
Coenzyme A
NAD+
TPP
FAD
Lipoic acid in oxidized form. |
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Definition
CoA- Accepts the acetyl group from reduced lipoic acid
NAD+ - oxidizes FADH2
TPP - Attacks and attaches to the central carbon in pyruvate
FAD- oxidizes the reduced form of lipoic acid
Lipoic acid in oxidized form- initial e- acceptor in oxidation of pyruvate |
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Term
what are the 4 oxidation rxns in the TAC cycle.
what is the one phosphorylation rxn |
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Definition
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Term
TCA cycle
rxn 1 with citrate synthase , condensation |
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Definition
| Oxaloacetate + AcetylCoA --> Citrate +CoASH |
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Term
TCA CYCLE- Rxn 2
isomerization by aconitase |
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Definition
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Term
tca rxn 3
isocitrate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| isocitrate +NAD-> @ketoglutarate+NADH |
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Term
TCA rxn 4
@ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| @ketoglutarate +NAD+CoASH ->NADH+ succiny coA+NADH+CO2 |
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Term
rxn 5 of TCA
phosphorylation |
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Definition
| succinyl coa +GDP+Pi --> Succinate+GTP+ coASH |
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Term
RXn 6 of tca
succinate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| succinate +fad--> FADH2+ fumurate |
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Term
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Definition
| fumurate +h20 -> L malate |
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Term
rxn 8 of TCA
malate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
| L malate+ NAD-->oxaloacetate +NADH |
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Term
| what two rxns require the same five cofactors |
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Definition
| pyruvate dehydrogenase and @ketoglutarate dehydrogenase to form an SCoA bind |
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Term
| whats the difference between a synthetase and a synthase |
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Definition
synthetase involves atp
synthase doesnt require atp |
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Term
| What are the four control points in the TCA cycle? |
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Definition
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex- inhibited by atp, high levels of CoA and NADHH
Citrate synthase- inhibited by citrate, atp, nadh, succinyl coA
isocitrate dehydrogenase- inhibited by atp and nadh
@ketoglutarate dehydrogenase- inhibited by atp, nadh, succinyl coA |
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Term
| In plants and bacteria they bypass the two oxidative steps in CAC to convert what? and what is this cycle called? |
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Definition
| To create carbs from acetyl CoA, this is called the glyoxylate cycle with in glyoxysomes. |
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Term
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Definition
AA can be broken down into parts that enter at various points in the CAC cycle.
anaplerotic reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain IM can debranch and go on to form AA |
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