The two ends of the molecule have opposite charges: One end has a partial negative charge and the other has a partial positive charge.

Cohesion

The binding together of like molecules,  often by hydrogen bonds.

the clinging of one substance to another

related to cohesion; a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

Water has a greater surface tension than most other liquids.

The energy of motion

Atoms and molecules have this because they are always moving, although not necessarily in a specific direction.

The faster a molecule moves, the greater its kinetic energy

A form of energy;

The amount of this is a measure of the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion of its molecules; thus, heat depends in part on the matter's volume.

a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume.

The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius.  Also the amount of heat that 1g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree Celsius.

1,000 cal; the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

another energy unit

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of the substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius.

For water this is 1 cal/g/degree Celsius

Water has an unusually high specific heat.  This is why water will change its temp less when it absorbs or loses a given amount of heat.

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state.

Water also has a high heat of vaporization - caused by hydrogen bonds.

as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down.

This occurs because the "hottest" molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as a gas.

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

The dissolving agent of this is called the solvent.

The substance that is dissolved is called the solute.

A solution in which water is the solvent.

The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

Hydrophobic - afraid of water; nonionic and nonpolar substances that seem to repel water

Hydrophilic - water loving; any substance that has an affinity for water; Most dissolve in water (except colloids)

a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid; a hydrophilic substance that does not dissolve in water but remains suspended in it.

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; measured in moles

6.022 x 10^23 (mol/something) (avogadro's number)

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution

a single proton with a charge of 1+ is released sometimes during hydrogen bonding.

the water molecule that has lost a proton (H⁺) --> (OH^-) which has a charge of 1-.

When the proton of a water molecule switches to another molecule during hydrogen bonding, (H₃O⁺) is formed with a charge of 1+

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A substance that reduces the hyrdrogen ion concentration of a solution.

-log[H⁺]; pH decreases as H⁺ increases and vice versa

pH less than 7 is acidic, the lower the number, the more acidic

pH more than 7 is basic, the higher the number, the more acidic

substance that minimize changes in the concentrations of H⁺ and OH^-

Rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower (more acidic) than pH 5.2

Uncontaminated rain has a pH of about 5.6