Narrow leaves

Veins are parallel 

Petals in multiples of three 

Usually fibrous roots 

ex: grass 

Broad leaves 

Petals in 4,5

Veins in leaves are dispersed 

Ex: roses, beans, sunflowers 

Stems and leaves 

- photosynthesis 

-reproduction

Give rise to flowers and shoots

Conduct photosynthesis 

Modified for storage 

Proetction: spines on cactus 

1. Vascular Tissue

2. Ground Tissue

3. Dermal Tissue 

a. Xylem- distributes water and dissolved minerals to the plant, taken up by the roots 

does its function while dead

b.Phloem- transports sugars and carbohydrates to site of production called sources to sites that need it, sinks  

a. Parenchyma- thin walls, most numerous in young plants- photosynthesis can occur here 

b. Epidermis- outer covering of the plant, guard cells and stomata, cuticle 

a. Collenchyma- supporting cells (primary wall thikens but no secondary wall forms)

b. Schelrenchyma- Thickend secondary walls that support and perform their function while dead 

Lateral thickening of roots and shoots, branches (lateral meristems) Vascular cambrium

and cork Cambium 

FUNCTION 

1. Height and increase competition for light

2. Extensive exploitation of resources 

3.Longevity: pernnial plants 

4. Efficient water transport

5. Support 

-It is an oxygenase as well as a caboxylase 

-Photorespiration- consumes O2 and releases CO2 

-Has ten times the affinity for CO2 

-If O2 is relatively abundant, rubisco acts an oxygenase and photorespiration happens (high temps) 

1. Dermal Tissue 

2. Ground tissue 

3. Vascular Tissue (stele)  

1. Metabolic function

2. Carbohydrate function 

3. Solute Transportation

4.To maintain high rigitity (turgor pressure)

5. Evaporatative cooling 

-water moves in areas of high water potential to low water potential 

Compsed of two reactions 

1. Light reactions 

2. Light independent reactions 

1. Light harvesting antennae- a photon hits a chloroplast molecule 

2. Photosystem II: large proetin complex that uses light energy to split a water molecule and release an electron (end product is O₂ and 2H⁺)

3. Plastoquionine(Qb)--> cytochrome (cy)--> Plastocyann (PC) a mobile protein-- electron carriers that pass electrons from PII to Pi 

4. Photosytem I uses light energy to reduce NADP⁺ and NADPH and H⁺ 

5. The gradient that is made from the production of NADPH is used to make ATP

THE CALVIN CYCLE 

-Fixation of CO₂ is catalyzed by rubisco, and creates a 3PG product 

-Reduction of 3GP from glyderaldehyde 3-phosphate 

-Regenration  of CO₂ acceptor, RuBP

Make a 4 carbon PEP or phosphoenolpyruvate product that has an early reaction that fixes CO2 without losing carbons in photorespiration (stored in the vacuole) 

Stomata open at night 

During the day stomata close, there is  CO2 for the light reaction and Calvin Cycle 

-Bacteria, Fungi, Earthworms

Non-living- clay, water, dissolved minerals, airspace, dead organic material 

A- topsoil 

B-subsoil 

C-rock layer 

Most organic material, agriculture depends on it (silt and clay equal proportions are better) 

-Mechanical and Chemical 

-Oxidation- interaction with O2 makes essential elements

-Hydrolysis- reaction with water, releases bound minerals from parent material 

-Acid reactions- essential elemtns come from parent salts 

Inorganic- synthetic 

Organic- manure compost, release nutrients slowly, less leaching occurs 

N-P-K

Association between fungi and the roots of plants 

-fungi obtains compounds from plant 

-The plants get minerals and water in return, it greatly increase the plants ability to absorb water

-forests depend on fungus 

Fungus called giberella 

-growth promotor- apply to a dwarf plant--normal size 

-cascade of events in the aleurone layer secretes enzymes to digest proteins and starch stored in the endosperm 

-Coordination in growth and behavioral processes

-Fritswet: demonstrated that the tip of the coleptile produced signaling substance 

1. Placed the tip of the coleoptile on agar 

2. Placed the agar on different parts of the coleoptile 

3.Coleoptile curves away from agar 

-Causes plant cell wall to strech or loosen where it is present and therefore grows the opposite way that is placed on the plant 

- Regulates phototropism

-Gravotropism 

-Leaf abscission

-Apical dominance 

-Fruit development 

-Cell expansion 

Stimulates cell division, high concentrations in roots 

a. auxin and cyto-rapid cell division and growth 

b. Stimulates germination 

c. Lateral branch formation 

d. Delays leaf sensience 

-Stimulates senescence 

-fruit ripening: breakdown of cell walls + chloroform

-stem growth

yellow pigment, small molecule, found in nucleus of seedling

protein + pigment = photomorphology

absorbs red, far red light (650-680, 700-740)

1. red light results in changes to the protein peptides in phytochrome; a nuclear localization sequence and protein kinases exposed

2. activated phytochrome moves into nucleus, interacts with a transcription factor (constitutes light response