Term
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Definition
| The same letters forward and backwards. |
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Term
| How are sticky ends different from blunt ends? |
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Definition
Sticky ends-used when one DNA fragment is combined with another DNA fragment to make recombinant DNA; allow complimentary base pairs to join together
Blunt Ends-used to isolate a fragment of DNA and cut DNA into pieces for DNA fingerprinting |
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Term
| Where do restriction enzymes come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are restriction enzymes named? |
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Definition
| Named for species in which restriction enzymes were found. (Ex. Eco R1 isolated from E.coli) |
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Term
| How are restriction enzymes used? |
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Definition
| Used to cut and degrade viruses that enter their cells. |
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Term
| How many base pairs are in the human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many genes are in the human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the Sanger Method different from the method used today in sequencing labs? |
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Definition
| All 4 bases are in the same reaction tube, so each dideoxynucleotide has a fluorescent dye which is read by a laser using wave lenth which identifies the type of the base that ends the strands. |
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Term
| What are some uses for the knowledge from the Human Genome Project? |
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Definition
| Scientists can better understand the organization, function, and structure of DNA in chromosomes. |
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Term
| What materials are needed for DNA sequencing? |
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Definition
| DNA fragment, primer, DNA polymerase, 4 normal nucleotides, and dideoxynucleotides. |
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Term
| Who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for DNA sequencing? In what year? |
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Definition
| Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger; 1980 |
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Term
| What are the steps of PCR? |
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Definition
1.Denaturation at 94°C-double strand melts and separates into two single stranded DNA molecules.
2.Annealing at 54°C-primers bind to the single strand created in the previous step.
3.Extension at 72°C-DNA polymerase adds nucleotides from 5' to 3', reading the template 5' to 3' side, to make two double stranded molecules. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of PCR? |
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Definition
| PCR makes many copies of a gene or fragment of interest. |
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Term
| Why is DNA fingerprinting used? |
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Definition
| To identify plants, humans, and animals through genetic information. |
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Term
| What is gel electrophoresis? |
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Definition
| A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel. |
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Term
| What is the charge of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the comb? |
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Definition
| Creating wells in which DNA can be inserted into. |
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Term
| How do fragments of various sizes travel through the gel? |
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Definition
| Smaller fragments travel further than larger fragments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small circular piece of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. |
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Term
| What is the shape of human DNA? Bacterial? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process did Louis Pasteur develop to kill bacteria by sterilizing materials in 1877? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered Penicillin, the agent derived from a mold (Fungi) that killed streptococci, in 1928? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are synthetic antibiotics different from organic antibiotics? |
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Definition
Organic-isolated from original source
Synthetic-made in place of organic antibiotics |
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Term
| Where did agriculture begin? |
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Definition
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