Term
| Why does diffusion work for single cell organisms? |
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Definition
| They need LOTS of surface area to get food from diffusion. |
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Term
| How do multicellular organisms get nutrients? |
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Definition
| You have to "carry your own pond and control it (homeostasis)" |
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Definition
-signal to brain to change temp when gets to hot or too cold
-homeostasis |
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Definition
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Definition
-fever
-after a work out
-hibernation |
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Definition
-how an organism uses its energy
-heat
-growth
-reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
break down molecules-- release energy
eg cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
build molecules-- use energy
eg building, growing, and reproduction |
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Term
How to measure catabolic and anabolic reactions:
(metabolic rate) |
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Definition
calorimetry
food consumption (messy and difficult)
oxygen consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| body temp is same as environment, cold blooded |
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Term
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Definition
generate heat internally, often kept constant
(mammals, birds, and many dinosaurs) |
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Term
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Definition
bigger mammal uses more for metabolic regulation
ectotherm uses no energy for heat |
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Term
| What are the phases of Mitosis |
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Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| special cell division that creates gamates |
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Term
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Definition
centromere:
histones:
chromatid:
Homologous pairs: |
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Term
| Other than mitosis-- what goes on in the cell? |
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Definition
G1, S and G2!
G1- cell grows
S- DNA replicates
G2- cell grows some more |
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Term
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Definition
-chromosomes condense
-nuclear envelope disappears
-centrosomes move to opposite poles
-spindles start to form |
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Term
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Definition
-chromosomes line up on equator
-centrosomes attach to centromeres |
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Term
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Definition
-centromeres divide
-one chromosome to two chromotids
-chromosomes pulled towards opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
-cell divides
-spindles disintegrate
-nuclear envelope reforms |
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Term
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Definition
-divides cell
Animals: actin fibers pinch off cell
Plants: cell wall reforms in between new cells |
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Term
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Definition
uncontrolled division of cells caused by a genetic mutation
normal cells controlled by:
stay in G1 phase
normal cells are mortal
p53 gene tells cell to kill itself |
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Term
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Definition
Henrietta Lacks 1951
cells without p53 gene that are immortal
for polio research |
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Term
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Definition
| -where cancer mutation starts because those usually monitor the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| radiation, carcinogens, and problems in DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of developing a system of arteries and veins to supply the tumor |
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Term
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Definition
the spread of cancer to another region of the body
the protein allow the cells to detach |
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Term
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Definition
| the administration of cell damaging chemicals to destroy cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chemo, radiation and surgery |
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Term
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Definition
- 1/2 chromosomes
- sexual reproduction
- 4 haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes condense,
nuclear membrane disappears,
centrioles replicate and move to poles |
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Term
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Definition
pairs of homologous chromosome move to equator,
held by spindle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes pulled to either pole
spindle fibers pull apart |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes reach poles
cell starts to divide
cytokinesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I
prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II
makes 4 haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| alternation of generation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| picture of your chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stuff from one chromosome to a different chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
many sets of chromosomes
triploid and tetraploid |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal # of chromosomes
trisomy 2n+1 (down syndrome)
monosomy 2n-1 |
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Term
| Non-disjunction Meiosis I |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Murray Barr, inactivate one X chromosome in female cell
tortoise shell cats |
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Term
| Dosage compensation and the Lyon Hypothesis (should be a theory now) |
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Definition
| one X chromosome is inactivated |
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Term
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Definition
XXY
sexual immaturity
breast swelling
affects neurodevelopment |
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Term
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Definition
XYY
extra male
tall
acne
low fertility |
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Term
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Definition
XXX
tall
thin
menstrual irregularity |
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Term
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Definition
XO
no barr bodies
short
web-necked
sexually undeveloped
doesn't affect neural development |
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Term
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Definition
X linked
extra female
XY
internal testes |
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Term
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Definition
autosomal recessive
look female then become functional male |
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Term
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Definition
| Alleles separate into individual gamates |
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Term
| Law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| genes assort independently |
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Term
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Definition
studied fruit flies mutations
formed sequence of genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| like the wings in dragons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| took pictures that helped watson and crick |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
figured out how replication works
semiconservative hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| adds nitrogenous bases to replication bubble |
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Term
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Definition
| fragments on lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| gets lagging strand ready for polymerace |
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Term
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Definition
| connects Okazaki fragments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| keeps DNA from bunching up |
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Term
| Transcription vs translation |
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Definition
nucleic acid to nucleic acid to protein
DNA to mRNA to protein |
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Term
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Definition
| dna transfered in one direction |
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Term
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Definition
one gene one enzyme
-------gene A ---> gene B --X--> gene C
protein--> protein---X--> protein---> product |
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Term
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Definition
-read continuously
-codons are nucleotide triplets
-code does not overlap
-code is degenerate
UNIVERSAL |
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Definition
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