The timeline of early Earth formation:

4.6 BYA

4.6-3.9 BYA

3.9 BYA

4.6 BYA - sun and planets form

4.6-3.9 BYA - meteorites combardment and heavy volcanic activity

3.9 BYA - reducing atmosphere

What was the original though process about orgaic molecules?

What question did this pose?

- organic molecules can be formed by organic life!

- Can abiotic synthesis form organic molecules? (Where did the first organic molecules come from?)

Who was the first to synthesize about orgaic molecules?

What did Oparin say?

- Darwin, but stopped after the reasoning.

- Said there was no difference between life and unliving things, the chemicals are the same--that's where he stopped as well

What is the Oparin- Haldance Hypothesis

who used this hypothesis?

Reducing atmosphere facilitates organic molecule formation

Miller/Urey

- They constructed an early atmosphere

- Their results proved that abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible

- Evidence suggested that atmosphere [on average] was not a reducing environment.

Deep sea vents

-AKA?

Deep sea vents

what produces the reducing environment?

Deep Sea Vents

regarding these, what was the reducing agent?

Deep sea vents

what is the life completelt independent of? and what do they utilize instead?

Monomer --> polymer

what is it?

4 points

1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. Single molecules join with other small molecules
3. they self-replicate
4. Polymers and monomers protobionts

What do clay minerals facilitate in?

and how do they do so?

polymer formation

they act as the enzyme converting monomers to polymers

Clay minerals

What is their structure/function?

Clay minerals

What do they protect against?

RNA: it formed from an inorganic beginning

it works as a genotype/enzyme

1. Self replicates
2. Self-splices
3. caralyzes
4. possess a phenotype and genotype

- cell membranes associated with organic molecules derived from other organic cells

- Considered to have possibly been the precursors to prokaryotic cells

    -->if RNA is trapped inside, the system can use the RNA to select for it

Coacervates

(2 things)

- droplet of protein.carb formed abiotically

- can self-replicate and metabolize

First prokaryotes?

What kind of prokaryote?

3.6 BYA

chemoautotrophs

What is a chemoautotroph?

What relied on them?

They self replicate and they produce their own food through chemosynthsis: SULFUR/METHANE

Everything above them on the food chane relied on them

When did the first photoautotroph prokaryote show up?

*** What changed the world we live in?

what is it?

-Stromatelite - single celled bacterial material, the bottom layer dies and fossilized and grows up (picture looks like coral)

-rock like structure comprised of photosynthetic bacteria and sediment

-a photoautotroph prokaryote

More about the organism that changed our world!

-

- photoautotrophs

What is the ldesst known fossil?

What is a fossil?

3.5 BYA

can be; ols old rock dissipated into magma in plate tectonics

Describe the Oxygen Revolution

How did oxygen become to prevalent?

- When oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved, free O2 produced dissolved in water until it reached high enough concentration to produce iron.

- Once all the dissolved Iron precipitated, additional O2 dissolved in the water until the oceans became saturated with O2, which would then gas out into the atmosohere

It was toxic! so more anaerobic prokaryote groups were doomed!

Thus, aerobic metabolism spread, and photosynthetic prokaryotes changed the world.

What can ATP be considered as?

How much more ATP is produced in aerobic vs anaerobic?

The 'currency' of the cell

Aerobic Metabolism is ~19x's greater than anaerobic

Prokaryote to Eukaryote

Which possessed organelles?

Prokaryotes lacked organelles

Eukaryotes evolved with organelles

As time progressed, what did prokaryotes become?

and the story about it

- The consumer! They became too lazy to make food for themselves so they started to eat their neighbors.

- By being heterotrophs they sometimes engulf a prokaryote that doesnt get digested

- Thus, a symbiotic relationship is formed.

The Endosymbiotic Model pg 516

(Lynn Margulis)

- Small prokaryotes enter host as prey - Host loves it becuase they get ENERGY!

- If the prokaryote consumed was aerobic, they could benefit from the energy

- host endosymbionts became single organism

- Organelle biochem homologous to living prokaryotes

     - we are eukaryotes

- organelle replicates by binary fission, as do prokaryotes

- Organelles possess their own DNA

- your mitochondria has it's own DNA separate from you (through binary fission)

Bacteria - prokaryote

Archea - prokaryote

Eucarya - eukaryotic

- 1.5 BYA

- They evolved several times

- This allowed for cellular specialization

- cells can specialize for specific functions (tissue systems can go through their own evolution)

- The cell clumps had to break apart to allow for specialization

What do all the organisms fight to be?

Ex: Slime molds***

- Reproductive cells

- Cells can identify genetic relatives and prefer to reproduce with them

- Cheaters? Some cells only form the reproductive cells, but the cheaters can be identified and 'stalks' refuse to reproduce with them.

Cambrian Explosion

Time Frame

What happens

Cause

Hox Gene

what did it do to selection

- 550 MYA occurs at the beginning of the Paleozoic Era

- The diversity of life grows exponentially

- Increase in atmospheric O2

     aerobic metabolism>anaerobic

-Hox genes: they determine how much and when things are 'turned on': conductor of a symphony

-It diversified selection

Produces a protein

Eons -->

          Eras -->

                   Periods -->

                            Epochs

Pangae

Time period/year

- when all the continents were squashed together

- 250 MYA during Paleozoic era

Pangae turns into...

(Time period)

Luarasia turns into

Cenozoic

(earth as we know it today)

What happens where plates come together?

Example

Lots of geological activity

the ring of fire

How many extinctins occured

and when?

Five

the beginning of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic

-Meteroite hitting the Yucatan

-this changed the climate because the sun was blocked because of all the dust, this killed the dino's