Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the thin filaments of a muscle slide across the thick filaments of a muscle |
|
|
Term
| roles of actin and myosin in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| protein filaments that work together to form a muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| initiates contraction by moving proteins away from actin binding sites |
|
|
Term
| list and describe 3 muscular disorders. |
|
Definition
spasms -- sudden, involuntary contractions of a muscle or group of muscles
strains -- muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching
tendonitis -- inflammation of the tendons |
|
|
Term
| list the effects of exercise on the human body. |
|
Definition
-muscles adapt to exercise by making more myoglobin, increasing the number of mitochondrion, and increasing the number of capillaries going to the muscles
-increases endurance and decrease rate of fatigue |
|
|
Term
| where is smooth muscle located? what are its characteristics? |
|
Definition
-located on walls of internal organs
-is involuntary and has spindle-shaped fibers |
|
|
Term
| where is skeletal muscle located? what are its characteristics? |
|
Definition
-is usually attached to the skleton
-has striated, tubular fibers and is voluntary |
|
|
Term
| where is cardiac muscle located? what are its characteristics? |
|
Definition
-located in walls of the heart
-has striated, branched fibers and is involuntary |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 roles of circulation in maintaining homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1. primary transport medium
2. defense
3. maintains pressure
4. pH
5. temperature
6. water level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
--55% plasma (mainly water... also other hormones and salts)
--45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) |
|
|
Term
| function of red blood cells? |
|
Definition
| transport of oxygen and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| function of white blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of blood plasma? |
|
Definition
| carrying substances, osmotic balance, pH buffering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divide in bone marrow to produce all types of blood cells |
|
|
Term
| antibodies for type A, B, AB, and O antigens? |
|
Definition
-A antigens = anti-B antibodies
-B antigens = anti-A antibodies
-AB antigens = neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
-O antigens = has both anti-B and anti-B antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hemophilia = excessive bleeding following injury
2. sickle-cell anemia = red blood cells assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape
3. leukemia = cancer of the white blood cells
4. Mono = increased number of white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| 4 disorders of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
1. stroke = death of nervous tissue in the brain resulting from blockage of arteries in the brain
2. heart attack = damage/death of cardiac muscle cells and the failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body
3. varicose veins = gnarled and enlarged veins
4. aneurysm = weak blood vessel that fills/clots with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry blood away from the heart to organs and tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| return blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| return blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they transport blood between arteries and veins within each tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the liquid matrix of the blood in which the cells are suspended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a colorless fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart chambers that receive blood from the veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart chambers that pump blood out of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain the direction of blood flow depending on the difference in pressure on each side of the valve |
|
|
Term
| pathway of blood flow through the lungs? (pulmonary circulation) |
|
Definition
1. right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
2. pulmonary arteries
3. capillaries in lungs
4. pulmonary veins
5. left atrium
6. left ventricle
7. aorta
8. head, chest, arms, abdomen, legs
9. superior vena cava
10. right atrium |
|
|
Term
| pathway of blood through the heart? (systemic circulation) |
|
Definition
1. vena cava
2. right atrium
3. right ventricle
4. pulmonary truck to lungs
5. pulmonary veins
6. left atrium
7. left ventricle
8. aorta |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of respiration in homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| maintains a high O2 level and a low CO2 level, maintains balanced pH level |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main phases of gas exchange in humans? |
|
Definition
1. breathing (O2 diffuses into lungs and blood, and CO2 diffuses out of lungs and blood)
2. transport of gases by the circulatory system (O2 transported to tissues and CO2 transported back to lungs and blood)
3. Exchange of gases with body cells (body cells take up O2 from blood and release CO2 to blood) |
|
|
Term
| components of human respiratory system (in order)? |
|
Definition
1. nostrils (filters, warms and humidifies air)
2. pharynx (pathway from nasal cavity to larynx)
3. larynx (voice box)
4. trachea (windpipe)
5. bronchi (lead to lungs)
6. bronchioles (contain alveoli on their ends)
7. alveoli in lungs (clusters of air sacs) |
|
|
Term
| negative pressure breathing? |
|
Definition
| flow of air from a high pressure region to a low pressure region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contracts to expand the chest cavity -- relaxes to reduce the chest cavity |
|
|
Term
| list respiratory tract disorders? |
|
Definition
| pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, sleep apnea |
|
|
Term
| conditions for the role of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1. blood glucose: 100mg/100mL of blood
2. pH = 7.4
3. blood pressure = 115/75
4. body temperature = 37C or 98.6F |
|
|
Term
| describe the brain and its function in the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| is the master control center -- includes homeostatic centers that keep the body functioning smoothly |
|
|
Term
| describe the spinal cord and its function? |
|
Definition
| runs lengthwise inside the vertebral column -- conveys information to and from the brain & integrates responses to certain kinds of stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originate in the brain and end in the head and upper body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originate in the spinal cord and extend to parts of the body below the head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries signals to and from skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli |
|
|
Term
| autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| regulates the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles a organs of digestive, cardiovascular, excretory and endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
| structures of the forebrain? |
|
Definition
1. cerebrum
2. thalamus
3. hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| structures of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| the midbrain (part of the brainstem) |
|
|
Term
| structures of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| the midbrain (part of the brainstem) |
|
|
Term
| structures of the hindbrain? |
|
Definition
1. pons
2. medulla oblongata
3. cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cell body = contains neuron's organelles
2. dendrites = branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons and send this info to the cell body
3. axon = longer extension that transmits signals to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in the voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in the voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in the cell's action potential across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messenger that carries info from a transmitting neuron to a receiving cell |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe 3 nervous system disorders? |
|
Definition
1. Parkinson's Disease = motor disorder caused by a progressive brain disease and characterized by difficulty in initiating movements
2. Huntington's Disease = characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system
3. Alzheimer's Diseaes = age-related dementia characterized by confusion, memory loss and other symptoms |
|
|
