Term
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Definition
Anabolism (builds up)
Catabolism (breaks down) |
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Term
| Deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) does 4 things: |
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Definition
1) Organizese RNA -> proteins
2) Codes info
3) Energy (capacity to do work)
4) Metabolism (how energy is converted. The sum of all processes occurring in the body) |
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Term
| Chemical formula for Photosynthesis: |
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Definition
| CO2 + H20 -> (sunlight) Sugars + O2 |
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Term
| Chemical formula for Respiration: |
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Definition
| Sugar + O2 -> CO2 + energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Keeping conditions of the internal environment to a tolerate limit |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Community and its physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does aerobic respiration take place? |
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Definition
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Term
What are decomposers?
Give two examples |
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Definition
Break down organic matter found in dead plants and animals.
Ex: fungi and bacteria |
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Term
| Scientific names are made up of two parts: |
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Definition
Genus and Species
Ex: Quercus (genus) alba (species) = White Oak |
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Term
| 3 domain system of Classification |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals |
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Term
| 3 types of archaebacteria |
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Definition
Hallophilic
Thermophilic
Methanogens |
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Term
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Definition
Autotrophs- photoenergy
Heterotrophs - call on outside organisms for energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to having no true nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of cells that contain a distinctive array of organelles |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of plant cells |
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Definition
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall |
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Term
| Nucleus of a plant cell has 3 characteristics: |
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Definition
- Holds DNA
- Has nucelolus (where RNA is formed)
- Nuclear envelope |
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Term
| 2 components of the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
-has pores
-has double wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Small subcellular particles found within the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae |
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Term
| Membrane has two types of molecules present |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Special type of fat that has a phosphate attached |
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Term
| Choloroplast is involved in...(3) |
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Definition
Photosynthesis
Stroma
Grana |
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Term
| Inside thylakoids there are two components: |
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Definition
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Term
| Pigments contain ____ which _____ |
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Definition
| Cholorophyll, traps sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Monosaccharide known as sugar or glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Xanthophyll is what color? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromoplost contains what? |
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Definition
| Other pignments of different color |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Starch is contained in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is like the "syrup" around the "pancakes" or ____, where sugar is produced. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria is involved in what? |
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Definition
| Transferring energy from carbohydrate in the form of ATP |
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Term
| Folds of the inner membrane are called ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Inside the membrane is a ____ or a substance |
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Definition
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Term
| The advantage of the folded cristae in mitochondria is: |
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Definition
| an increase in the surface area |
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Term
| ____ are broken down in the Mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondra have their own ____ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria probably originated from... |
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Definition
| an ancient bacteria that was engulfed by a predatory cell. |
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Term
| In Mitochondria ____ occurs. ___ is broken down, it is a ____ process. |
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Definition
| Respiration, Sugar, catabolic |
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Term
| Endomembrane system consists of ____ where two things happen: |
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Definition
Organelles
Lipids are assembled
Euproteins are made |
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Term
| A whole connection of tubes and flatted saclike structures |
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Definition
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Term
| Two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
| Sacs that have many ribosomes attached |
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Definition
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Term
| Two components of rough ER |
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Definition
1) Proteins are synthesized inside ribosomes
2) Sugar gropus are attached to proteins as they pass through to secretory vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two components of smooth ER |
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Definition
1) Vesicles that carry proteins and lipids are budded off.
2) Packaging materials |
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Term
| Characteristics of Golgi Bodies (6) |
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Definition
1) Flattened sacs
2) Edges break off as secretory vsicles
3) Final storehouse of proteins
4) "Shipping factories"
5) Discharge product at plasma membrane
6) "Packaging and shipping house" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 characteristics of Lysosomes |
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Definition
1) Have budded from Golgi Body
2) Carry powerful enzyme to help break down old cell particles, bacteria, ect.
3) Trash compactor |
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Term
| 3 characteristcs of Peroxisome |
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Definition
1) Has enzymes that uses oxygen to help break down substances
2) Forms hydrogen peroxide
3) Helps break down foreign materials |
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Term
| Characteristics of Cytoskeleton (2) |
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Definition
1) Made up of threads, lattices, fibers.
2) Helps give cell internal organization, shape, and capacity to move. |
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Term
| Cytoskeleton has 3 components, ____, ___, and ____ which are made up of ____. |
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Definition
1) Microtubules
2) Microfilaments
3) Intermediate filaments
-proteins |
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Term
| Flagella has a ring of ___ (number) ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Both ___ and ___ have same internal structure, but ____ is short. |
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Definition
| Cilia and flagella, cilia |
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Term
| ___ saw the facets of an insects' eye. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ saw compartments in cork which he named cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ observed several types of living cells, including sperm. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ & ___ proposed the idea of the cell theory. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 components of the cell theory |
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Definition
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cell is the smallest unit having properties of life
3) The continuity of life arises directly from the growth and division of single cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Number of protons plus the number of neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positively charged particle; one or more in the nucleus of each atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit in the atomic nucleus that has mass but no electric charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negatively charged unit of matter, with particulate and wavelike properties, that occupies one of the orbitals around the atomic nucleus. Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
Varyiation on the form of the atom.
One of two or more forms of an element's atoms that differ in the number of neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unstable and tend to decay more than other atoms. |
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Term
| What are radio isotopes useful for? (2) |
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Definition
1) Track different kinds of disease and diagnose disease.
2) Tracers in fossils and medicine |
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Term
Shell closest to nucleus can hold ___ electrons.
(number) |
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Definition
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Term
The second orbital closest to the shell can have ___ electrons.
(number) |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are negative and repelled by other electrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrons are attracted to ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Unfilled orbitals in the outermost shell tend to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Bond that holds together two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| Bond that has an association of two ions that have opposing charge |
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Definition
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Term
| Bond that occurs when an atom or molecule interacts wealky with a hydrogen atom |
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Definition
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Term
| Bonded unit of two or more same or different atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Two or more different elements combined in fixed proportions |
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Definition
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Term
| Two or more elements in intermingled or different proportions. |
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Definition
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Term
Atoms with a charged particle.
Example? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___ bonding gives each a complete outer shell. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1) Water is a polar substance
2) Can form hydrogen bonds with other substances |
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Term
| What is a polar substance? |
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Definition
| Has a negative and positive end |
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Term
| Polar substances are hydro____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonpolar substances are hydro___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does water tend to stablize temperature? |
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Definition
| Because it can absorb a lot of heat before it changes state. |
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Term
| ___ degrees F or ___ degrees C required to change water to vapor. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ degrees F or ___ C to freeze water |
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Definition
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Term
The bonding of water molecules helps it from _____.
Also helps ___, which pulls water through plants, ect. |
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Definition
rupturing,
sufrace tension |
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Term
| Water is a ____, which means that ions and polar molecules easily dissolve in it. |
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Definition
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Term
pH scale is ____. (number scale)
___ is neutral.
___ is basic
___ is acidic |
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Definition
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|
Term
HCl is an ____.
What does it do? |
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Definition
Acid
Releases hydrogen ions when it's put in a solution. |
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Term
| NaCl is a ____. What does it do? |
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Definition
| Base, releases hydroxyl ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Necessary to maintain homeostasis in a system.
2) Partnership between a weak acid and a base, (buffer system)
3) Release hydrogen ions to resist a change in pH.
4) Help maintin a steady pH |
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Term
| ___ forms when an acid reacts with a base, such as NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H20 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an organic compound? |
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Definition
| Contains carbon and one or more addictional elements covalently bonded to each other. |
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Term
| Only ____ ____ can synthesize these organic compounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic group of organic compounds (4) |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids |
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Term
| __,__, and ___ most abundant of living matter |
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Definition
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Term
| basic structures that make up organic molecules (4) |
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Definition
Simple Sugars
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides |
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Term
___ are individual gropus.
When they come together they form ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stripping of a H from one monomer and stripping OH from another monomer and they comet ogether to form water. Form a strong bond. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water splits -OH on one monomer and H on the other and it splits the molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Components of monosaccharaide (5) |
|
Definition
Consists of one sugar unit
Soluble in water
Sweet taste
A lot of hydroxyl groups
Backbones for nucleic acids |
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Term
| Ex of 5 carbon sugars (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 short-chain carbohydrates |
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Definition
Oligosaccharide
Disaccharide |
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Term
| Short chain of 3 or so monomers. 3 chains for membrane function |
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Definition
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|
Term
Gluclose and galactose.
Ex. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Sucrose
Plants (transport sugar) |
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Term
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Definition
Maltose
Beer (found in germinating seed) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose |
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Term
| A many chained branch to hundreds and thousands of simple sugar monomers |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 examples of polysaccharides |
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Definition
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Tough, soluble type of polysaccharide |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Storage product to store energy in muscles and liver of animals |
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Definition
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Term
| In walls of fungi and anthropods |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 characteristics of lipids |
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Definition
1) oily
2) greasy
3) do not dissolve in water
4) hydrophobic
5) can be broken down by hydrolysis |
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Term
| Insertion of water molecules to break up compounds. Enzymatic reaction |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Energy storage
Membrane structures
Coatings or outside layers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A long chain of carbons and hydrogens with a COOH (carboxyl) group at the end. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ are liquid (oil) at room temperature because one or more of the double bond connections permits a kink in the chain. Found in plants |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Are triglycerides. Have only single bonds in the chain and at room temperature they are solid. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How are basic fats formed? |
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Definition
| Fatty acids connected to a glycerol |
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Term
| How are triglycerides formed? |
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Definition
| 3 fatty acids connected to the glycerol unit |
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Term
| ___ are a source of energy and yields twice the energy of a carbohydrate. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ ___ are in a chain connected to a carboxyl group |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Made up of two fatty acids + a phosphate group connected to a glycerol |
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Definition
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Term
| Main materials of the cell membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Phospholipids are hydro____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sterols have a backbone of ___ (number) ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Testosterone, estrogen, Vitamin D |
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Term
| Sterols are types of ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Long form of fatty acids and attached to alcohol or carbon rings |
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Definition
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Term
| Serve as coatings for plants |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A long line of amino acids |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Proteins have many functions (7) |
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Definition
1) enzymes
2) used for movement in cytoskeleton
3) storage
4) transportation
5) hormones
6) antibodies
7) structural (hair, nails) |
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Term
| For every amino acid you have 4 groups that make up the structure |
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Definition
1) amino
2) carboxyl (attached to carbon)
3) "R"
4) hydrogen |
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Term
| 20 amino acid groups all covalently bonded to ____ atom. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Amino acids are joined together in a primary structure called ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Bonding in polypeptides is known as ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Different types of polypeptide structures. |
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Definition
1) Helix
2) Pleated
3) Tertiary
4) Cortonary (hemoglobin) |
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Term
| Proteins can be ____. This is caused by __ __ or __. |
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Definition
de-natured
High temperature
pH |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each nucleotide consists of (3) |
|
Definition
1) 5 carbon sugar
2) nitrogen base
3) phosphate group |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An energy molecule. Considered in protein synthesis. |
|
Definition
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