Term
| What is the purpose of starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of glycogen? |
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Definition
| Stores energy in animal muscle and liver cells |
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Term
| What elements can be found in lipids and in what structure? |
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Definition
C, H, and O
Triglycerides (fats) have a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails |
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Term
| What is the purpose of fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of waxes and oils? |
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Definition
| Store energy and repel water |
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Term
| What is the structure of steroids and what are some examples? |
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Definition
Lipids with 4 attached rings
Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, Vitamin D |
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Term
| What is the purpose of cholesterol and why is it sometimes dangerous? |
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Definition
Component in cell membranes
Can clog blood vessels |
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Term
| What is the structure of prostaglandins and what is their function? |
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Definition
Lipids with a 5 carbon ring
Formed/released by cell membrane, play a role in blood clotting, immune function, inflammatory response, and regulation of hormones and blood pressure |
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Term
| What elements can be found in proteins and what type of bonds holds them together? |
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Definition
C, H, N, and O
Peptide bonds |
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Term
| What type of molecule are enzymes, antibodies, and hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of contractile proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of transport proteins? |
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Definition
| Bind to other substances in the blood (for example, hemoglobin) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of receptor proteins? |
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Definition
| Act as binding sites on cell membranes for certain molecules |
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Term
| What elements can be found in nucleic acids and what are the monomers that form them? |
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Definition
C, H, N, O, and P
Nucelotides |
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Term
| What type of molecule is ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All reactions in the body that break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| All reactions that join simple molecules together to build more complex molecules, using up energy (like dehydration synthesis) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the nucleolus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of lysosomes? |
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Definition
| Contain digestive enzymes to break down molecules, old cell parts, or pathogens |
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Term
| What is the purpose of peroxisomes? |
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Definition
| Help detoxify the cell (contain peroxidase and catalase, which break down hydrogen peroxide produced by working cells) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of centrioles? |
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Definition
| Aid in cell division (in animal cells) by assembling/breaking down spindle fibers |
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Term
| What is the purpose of microvilli? |
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Definition
| Increase the surface area for cellular reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Connections that stick 2 cells together |
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Term
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Definition
| Connections between cells which create a tunnel through which materials can flow back and forth |
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Term
| What are tight junctions and what are they useful for? |
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Definition
Connections that seal up the membrane between 2 cells
Good for forming barriers |
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Term
| What makes up the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| A phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins |
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Term
| What do the proteins in the cell membrane do? |
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Definition
| Act as cell labels, receptors for hormones/nerve signals, and selective channels through which molecules can enter the cell |
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Term
| What is the difference between regular diffusion and facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| Both occur along the concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion occurs through a protein channel |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of diffusion where a semi-permeable membrane separates small and large solute particles |
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Term
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Definition
| Passing of water and permeable substrates through a membrane, driven by force of hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| What is hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
| Force or weight of a fluid pushing against a surface |
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Term
| Why does active transport require ATP? |
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Definition
| It occurs against the concentration gradient |
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Term
| What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis? |
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Definition
| Exocytosis releases large molecules from cells in vesicles. Endocytosis takes molecules into the cell. |
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Term
| What are the two types of endocytosis? |
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Definition
Pinocytosis, in which fluid/molecules dissolved in it are taken into the cell
Phagocytosis, where microorganisms and other large particles are engulfed by a cell |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a sodium potassium pump? |
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Definition
| To remove sodium from cells and bring in potassium |
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Term
| What do hypotonic and hypertonic mean? |
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Definition
| Hypotonic means higher water concentration and hypertonic means lower water concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| The molecule which an enzyme bonds to |
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Term
| What are three main groups of chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle (the Citric Acid Cycle), and the Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| What is the ultimate result of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Glucose is pulled apart to produce energy (ATP) |
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Term
| How is energy stored in ATP? |
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Definition
| It is stored in a triple phosphate tail. When one phosphate breaks off, energy is released and ADP is produced |
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Term
| What is result of mitosis? What is its purpose? |
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Definition
Two daughter cells identical to the parent cell, with the exact same amount of DNA
Replaces aging/dead cells |
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Term
| What is the result of meiosis? What are the resulting cells called? |
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Definition
Four new cells, with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
Known as gametes |
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Term
| What is the purpose of meiosis? |
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Definition
| Allows for sexual reproduction - gametes (eggs, sperm cells) combine to form a fertilized egg or zygote, which has a complete set of chromosomes |
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Term
| What do haploid and diploid refer to? |
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Definition
| The number of chromosomes - haploid cells have half the regular number (sex cells) and diploid cells have a complete set |
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