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| study of tissue structure |
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| anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye |
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| the study of the life processes of neurons |
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| the distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system |
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| also called psychopharmacology. the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior |
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| the basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of a cell body, receptive extension(s) (dendrites), and a transmitting extension (axon) |
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| the hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally |
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| a cellular location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another |
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| also called glia or neuroglia. nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain |
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| a cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes |
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| the spherical central structure of a cel that contains the chromosomes |
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| structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated (proteins are produced) |
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| one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron |
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| the part of a neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. Usually corresponds to the cell's dendrites |
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| the region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus |
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| the part of the neuron that initiates nerve activity if the sum of all inhibitory and exitatory postsynaptic potentials exceeds a threshold value. Usually corresponds to the neuron's axon hillock |
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| a single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from teh cell body to other neurons |
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| the part of the neuron over which the nerve's electrical signal may be actively propagated. Usually corresponds to the cell's axon |
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| the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target |
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| the part of a neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which teh cell's electrical activity is conveyed to another cell |
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a nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon
-most common type of neuron |
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a nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end.
-common in sensory systems (retina) |
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-a nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions: one end is the receptive pole, the other ened the output zone.
-transmit touch information from the body into the spinal cord |
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a nerve cell in the spinal cord that transmits motor messages from the spinal cord to muscles.
-provide pathway for the brain and spinal cord to control body movements and organ function. |
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| -a neuron is directly affected by changes in teh environment, such as light, odor, or touch. |
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a neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; it receives input from and sends output to other neurons.
-this accounts for the vast majority of neurons. |
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| a star-shaped glia cell w/ numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions |
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| a histological stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precipitate |
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| a histological stain that outlines all cell bodies b/c the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus |
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| a histological technique that shows teh ditribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues |
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| immunocytochemistry (ICC) |
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| a method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which (1) an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and (2) chemical methods are then used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody. |
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| a method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest |
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| immediate early genes (IEGs) |
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Definition
| a class of genes that show rapid but transient increases in expression in cells that have become activated |
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| an immediate early gene commonly used to identify activeated neurons |
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| horseradis peroxidase (HRP) |
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Definition
| an enzyme found in horesradish and other plants that is used to determine the cells of origine of a particular set of axons |
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| also called microglia. extremely small glial cells that remeove cellular debris form injured or dead cells |
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| the fatty insulation around an axon formed by accessory cells, that improves the speed of conduciton of nerve impulses. |
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| the process of myelin formation |
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| a gap b/t successive segments of the myelin sheath whre the axon membrane is exposed |
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| literally "many scars"; a disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin |
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| a type of glial cell that is commonly associated with nerve cell bodies |
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| the accessory cell taht forms myeline in teh peripheral nervous system |
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| the sweelling of tissue, especially in the brian, in response to injury |
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| the elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons |
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| referring to the region of the synapse that releases neurotransmitter |
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| referring ot hte region of a synapse tha receives and responds to neurotransmitter |
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| the specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter |
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| the specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information from a presynaptic neuron |
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| the space b/t the presynaptic and post synaptic elements |
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| a small, spherical structure that contains molecules of synaptic transmitter |
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| also called synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter, or simply trnasmitter.the chemical released form teh presynapitc axon terminal, that serves as the basis of communication b/t neurons. |
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| also called receptor molecule. a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone |
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| an outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron |
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| also called neuroplasticity. the ability of hte nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment |
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| a cone shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cel body |
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| a branc of an axon form a single neuron |
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| the transportation of materials from the neuron cell body to distant regions in teh dendrites and axons, and form the axon terminals back to the cell body |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| the portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord |
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| a collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system |
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| a nerve that is connected directly to the brain |
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| also called somatic nerve. a nerve that emerges from the spinal cord |
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| the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs |
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| the branch of a spinal nerve, entering hte dorsal horn of hte spinal cord, that carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord |
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| the branch of a spinal nerve, arising from teh ventral horn of the spinal cord, that carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system |
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| referring to the topmost 8 segments below the cervical (neck) portion of the spinal cord, corresonding to the chest |
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| reffering to the 12 spinal segments below the cervial (neck) portion of thespinal cord, correspoinding to the chest |
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| collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of theperipheral nervous system, that are found in various location and innervate the major organs |
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| "before the ganglion." referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia |
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| "after the ganglion" referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from teh autonimic ganglia to various targets in the body. |
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| sympathetic nervous sysmet |
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Definition
| one of two systems that comprises the autonimic nervous system. arices from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord |
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| a chain of ganglia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| one of two systems that compose the autonomic nervous system. arises from both the cranial nerves and teh sacral spinal cord |
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| an extensive meshlike system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut |
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| the right and left halves of the forebrain |
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| a ridged or raised poriton of a convoluted brain surface |
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| a furrow of a convoluted brain surface |
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| a deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe |
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| a fissure that divides the frontal lobe from teh parietal lobe |
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| the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres |
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| the stripe of parietal cortex, ust behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory inofrmation from the entire body |
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