-Sugars and polymers of sugars

-Glucose, starch, cellulose

-Fuel & Building material, structure or energy!

Enzymes, muscle, antibodies

-They do all the work! Build and break down, transport, defend.

-Cytoskeleton=chains of proteins, information travels along them

Phospholipids, steroids, fats (all hydrophobic)

Fats

Liquid oil->plants    Solid oil->animals

Unsaturated            Saturated

-Cushion, store energy, provide heat, line the neurons

-Phospholipids make up membranes, they make the lipid bilayer that forms the plasma membrane

  ~oo~       head=hydrophillic

  ~oo~       tail=hydrophobic

  ~oo~

  ~oo~

Steroids Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone (all signaling molecules)

DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic info/nucleotides, forms the double helix, ACTG

RNA-Ribonucleic acid, also carries genetic info, ACGU

nucleotides=made up of a protein, a sugar and a base

bases=A, C, G, T or U

Transcription/Translation

DNA---->RNA---->Protein

        (transcription)     (translation)

1. DNA is copied into a template strand (transcription)

2. This strand is taken outside of the nucleus (mRNA)

3. The mRNA is translated into amino acid chains (each amino acid brought by one tRNA) that form proteins

4. The protein is then folded and transported to where it needs to go in the body

1. Plasma membrane-lipid bilayer-holds DNA, gives structure, controls what enters and exits, (includes proteins)

2.Nucleus-holds all DNA (46), RNA, enzymes, proteins

3. Ribosomes-place where proteins are made

4.Cytosol-semi-liquid, fills space, busy layer

5. Endoplasmic Reticulum ER-bag of membranes-lipids are made and proteins are processed, 

6. Golgi Apparatus-folds of lipids, sends proteins to places, UPS station,

7. Mitochondria-Powerhouses, two membranes, lots of enzymes making ATP (energy)

8. Cytoskeleton-moves things along its tracks, gives structure

1. Plasma Membrane

2. Chromosomes-floating, no nucleus

3. Ribosomes

4. Cytosol

5. Cell Wall-Protects, made of carboydrates

---------------------

6. Capsule-Slimy jelly coating made of carbohydrates, further protects, hydrates, slippery, helps disease organisms slip away

7. Plasmids-Separate pieces of DNA-not essential genes, bacteria can share plasmids-thus share resistance to antibiotics.

8. Pili-Help in attachment to things, like velcro

9.Flagellum-tails, help it to swim, can have multiple

1 parent=2 identical daughter cells

Diploid dividing into two identical body cells.

Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

1 parent=4 nonidentical daughter cells

The making of gametes (eggs or sperm) with grandparent DNA. Spermatogenisis (makes 4 sperm) and Oogenisis (makes one egg). 

Prophase 1 (crossing over), Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

X and Y

XX=female XY=male

they have unique characteristics or genes, thus some genes you always get from your mother, some from your father

Y is 1/4 the size of X

-Random Fertilization

-Crossing Over

-Independent Assortment

=64 Trillion combinations possible! without mutations

Parent chromosomes paired up

XX-tetrad

XX-tetrad

XX-tetrad

1. Direct Contact

a. Small molecules move between cells

b. Extracellular cell-cell recognition, matching of receptors (cell contacts target cell)

2. Communication through signaling molecules

A. Local (short distance)

a. Paracrine (growth factors) (molecules that affect nearby cells because they are taken up quickly before they die)

b. Synaptic (neurotransmitters)

B. Long distance

a. Endocrine (hormones sent)

-Steroid hormones are lipids, thus they can go through the lipid bilayer unhindered. The hormones then bind to receptors in the cytosol, the hormone-receptor bond then binds to the DNA inducing change in the gene activity

Signaling: 3 stages

1. Reception  2. Transduction  3. Response

=activation of cell response, a gene is turned OFF or ON

Amplification-just one cell sending a signal can be amplified to make a lot happen in the body, and quickly

Spinal chord, brain, neurons

-Carries messages, stimulates or inhibits, electrical impulses=action

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth

(all involuntary)

1. made of cells that contract-shorten in length

2.Proteins: actin and myasin

3. 3 types of cells- skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Heart and Blood vessels, Respiratory, Digestive and Urogential Tracts

1. layers of cells that cover and line the body

2. skin, nucleus membranes

3. Single to multiple layers

4. Functions

a. protect from dehydration

b. Absorbtion of nutrients

c. secretion of lubricating substances

d. waste processing

Loose connective tissue, Adipose tissue (holds fat), Blood, Fibrous, Cartilage, Bone

1. Contains more extracellular substances than it does cells

2.Cement that holds the body together

3. Loose CT holds internal organs in place

4. Dense-Cartilage

5. Blood, bone, fat=specialized CT

6. Functions

a. Body structure

b. Wound repair

c. immune response

Esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestine

-Ingests and breaks down food so that it can be absorbed by the body

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

-Eliminates liquid wastes; regulates water balance

Trachea, Bronchi, Lung

-Enables gas exchange, supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

Bone and Cartilage

-Provides mechanical support for the body; mineral storage; red blood cell production

Skeletal Muscles

-Enables movement, posture, and balance via contraction and extension of muscles

Hair, Nails, Skin

-Protects body from environment, injury and infections, stores fat

Blood vessels, heart

-Enables the transport of nutrients, gasses, hormones and wastes to and from cells of the body

Pituitary gland, thyroid/parathyroid, thymus, gonads

-Secretes hormones into bloodstream for regulation of body activities

Brain, Spinal chord, nerves

-Senses environment, communicates with and activates other parts of the body

Thymus, Lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, spleen

-Protects against infections

Ovary, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina

-Produces Eggs and supports the development of offspring

Prostate, testicle, penis

-Produces sperm and delivers associated fluids

-smaller frontal bone (upper forehead)

-smaller temporal bones (temples)

-smaller mandible (jaw)

-flatter, broader pelvis

-tipped pelvis

-larger, rounder pelvic opening

-shorter leg bones

-increased angle between knees and femur

-larger frontal bone

-larger temporal bones

-larger mandible

-slimmer pelvis

-pelvis is not tipped

-smaller pelvic opening

-longer long bones

-smaller angle between femur and knee

Testes-Hold seminiferous tubules where sperm form

Epididimus-takes sperm 20 days to pass through where they gain the ability to fertilize an egg

Scrotum-holds sperm outside the body cavity, 2 degrees C below body temp.

Vas deferens-muscular, propels sperm

Urinary Bladder-Holds urine

Seminal vesicles-make 60% of semen, thick, yellowish fluid (pass behind bladder)

Prostate gland-secrets products into urethra, contribues thin, milky fluid to semen

Bulbuorethral gland-secrete clear mucus that neutralizes any acidic urine remaining in urethra

Urethra-Passes urine from bladder and semen from vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate

Pupuce-foreskin, often removed

Glans penis-penis head

Clitoris-Glans, Pupuce, shaft, erectile tissue and nerve endings stimulated during sex, engorges with blood during arousal

Vagina-Thin walled chamber, repository for sperm during copulation, serves as birth canal for baby

Vulva-Collective term for external female genetalia

Vestibule-Area bordered by the labia minora, holding the vaginal opening and urethra, all surrounded by the labia majora.

Bartholins glands-secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual arousal, keeping it lubricated and facilitating intercourse.

Cervix-Bottom of and entrance to the uterus

Uterus-Birth chamber, thick, muscular organ that expands during pregnancy, endometrium is the lining richly supplied with blood vesels

Oviduct/Fallopian tube-Draw egg in from ovary with cillia, conveys the egg to uterus

Ovary-each is enclosed in protective capsule and contains many follicles-consisting of one egg cell surrounded by follicle cells, women will have 400,000 follicles, only several hundred will release an egg

Breast

Mammary glands-Small sacs of epithelial tissue that secrete milk which drains into a series of ducts opening at the nipple. Fatty tissue forms the main mass of the mammary gland. Fat Cells, Lymph nodes, pectoral Muscles, Ribs, Milk ducts

1. Routine Physical

2. Pelvic Exam

3. Pap Smear

4. CBE Clinical Breast Exam (SBE=self breast exam)

1. Plasma Membrane

2. DNA

3. Ribosomes

4. Cytosol

(bacterial)

Symptoms:

Women: No symptoms in 4/5 women. If cervix infected, vaginal discharge, painful urination, unusual vaginal bleeding, bleeding after sex.

If pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Bleeding and abdominal pain. Cervix may look inflamed. Inflammation of rectum.

Male: Burning, discharge from pelvis, may cause inflamation of urethra

Treatment: Meds: Pills

(bacterial)

Women: No symptoms in most. If cervix infected, thick discharge from vagina or bleeding, sore throat, painful urination, swollen glands near gentials, rectal pain or inflammation, anal discharge, eye infection that can cause blindness.

Men: Thick discharge from penis, frequent and burning urination

(may be confused with chlamydia)

Meds: Pills or injection

(Bacterial)

Women and men:

Primary: Painless sore on or around vagina, penis, mouth and anus, on body wherever bacteria entered. Sores heal in 1-5 weeks but bacteria stay in body.

Secondary: Non-itchy rash on face, body, palms, soles, flu-like symptoms, swollen glands, hair loss, wart like growths, all clear up in about a month.

Latent: Up to 20 years without outward signs, bacteria may be invading inner organs, including the heart and brain

Tertiary: Blindness, brain damage, heart disease, arthritis, paralysis

(viral)

Symptoms: No symptoms in ajority of those infected. Cluster of ulcerated painful blisters in genital area, painful urination, discharge, swollen glands, fever, body aches. 

Symptoms usually recur in same spots, may be triggered by stress or lowered resistance, some people never have recurrance.

Treatment: Antiviral medications can reduce symptoms and frequency of breakouts.

(viral)

Symptoms: Virus not visible, small painless lesions on cervix. 

Wart-like growths, sometimes with itching, irrtitation, bleeding. Around anus can be mistaken for hemroids.

Treatment: Diagnosed with visual exam, warts can be removed with topical solutions, freezing, surgery and lazers.

Symptoms: Loss of appetite, weakness, muscle pain, headache, fever, dark urine. May be too mild to notice.

Treatment: None, some infected people become chronic carriers, can lead to chronic liver problems, liver cancer.

(viral)

Symptoms: Often none or very mild, may include swollen glands, sore throat, also may get night sweats, weight loss, sores in mouth. Increasingly lowered T-cell count.

Treatment: Complex medications.

(Fungus)

Symptoms: Up to 50 percent have no symptoms, If symptoms: vaginal discharge, may be bad smelling. May include itching, but not always.

Yeast: clumpy discharge, mild yeasty odor, usually itchy. sometimes redness or swelling.

Treatment: Prescription pills or medicinal cream in vagina.

(Protist)

Symptoms:

Women: Frothy, bad smelling greenish yellow discharge, vaginal itching, irritation or redness. Can include painful intercourse, lower abodominal pain and urge to urinate.

Men: Often no symptoms. Sometimes puslike discharge, urination frequent and painful.

Treatment: meds, pills, must avoid alcohol.

Symptoms: severe itching, mites burrow under skin, crabs and eggs attach to hair.

Treatment: Topical treatments (apply to skin)