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| The complete collection of that organism's genetic information |
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| the chemically active proteins that speed up or enable chemical reactions in living things |
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| Cell division is critical for |
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| Growth, replacement of dead cells, and replacement for cells that have gotten too big |
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| the units that DNA is packaged into (chromatin folds up to make chromosomes) |
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| a molecular complex, composed of DNA and associated proteins, that makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms (chromatin folds up to make chromosomes) |
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| chromosomes that are the same in size and function. Species that are diploid (have two sets of chromosomes) have matching pairs of homologous chromosomes; one member of each homologous pair is inherited form the male and the other from the female |
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| a pictorial arrangement of a complete set of human chromosomes |
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| the separation of a cell's duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis |
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| the physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells |
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| Interphase - G1, Interphase - S, Interphase - G2, Mitotic Phase-Mitosis, Mitotic Phase - Cytokinesis |
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| in this gap 1 phase of the cell cycle, the cell is growing and carrying out its normal function |
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| in this synthesis phase, the cell is replicating its DNA (duplicating its chromosomes), in preparation for mitosis and cytokinesis |
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| In this gap 2 phase, DNA replication has been completed, and the cell continues with its normal functions, even as it prepares for mitosis and cytokinesis |
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| Now the cell begins the process of apportioning its DNA into two opposite sides of itself |
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| Mitotic Phase - Cytokinesis |
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Definition
| with mitosis nearly complete, the cell begins the process of splitting into two daughter cells. once this is finished, each of the two cells moves back into G1 of interphase |
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| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase and Cytokinesis |
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| Mitosis begins, chromosomes take shape; the two centrosomes begin to move toward the cellular poles, sprouting microtubules as they go. the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus begins to break up |
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| Attachment and Alignment, microtubules attach to sister chromatids and align them at the metaphase plate. The nuclear envelope is gone. each chromatid is attached to its respective pole by perhaps 30 microtubules |
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| protein fibers that are part of the cell's cytoskeleton or internal fiber network. in mitosis , microtubules stretch the cell as a whole and physically move the cell's chromosomes around. |
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| a cellular structure that acts as an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules. |
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| The microtubules that are active in cell division |
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| Genetic material divides. The sister chromatids are moved to opposite poles in the cell, each chromatid now becoming a full-fledged chromosome. all 46 chromatid pairs divide at the same time and each member of a chromatid pair moves toward its respective pole |
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| Newly independent chromosomes start to unwind and lose their clearly defined shape. Nuclear envelopes form around the two separate complements of chromosomes. |
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| Cell membrane pinches together completely. Basically begins in anaphase and is close to completion during telophase. |
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| Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) |
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| means that the sex cells are in a single number |
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| when egg and sperm unite, it marks a return to the diploid or double number state of cellular existence, meaning 46 chromosomes in humans. |
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| a process in which a single diploid cell divides to produce four haploid reproductive cells |
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II |
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes link as they condense, forming tetrads. Crossing over occurs. Each pair of homologous chromosomes link up as they condense (unlike Mitosis). Homologous chromosomes begin to unwind from one another, although they remain overlapped. |
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Definition
| The two homologous chromosomes that have paired up. Four sister chromatids are involved in this linkage |
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| Microtubules move homologous chromosomes to metaphase plate. Independent assortment occurs. |
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| Random alignment of maternal/paternal chromosomes at the metaphase plate (occurs during metaphse I of mieosis) |
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| Microtubules separate homologous chromosomes (sister chromatids remain together) |
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| Two haploid daughter cells result from cytokinesis |
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| Now it is similar to mitosis in that the sister chromatids line up at the new metaphse plate. |
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| Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles. |
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| Four haploid cells result after cytokinesis completely separates the cells |
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| a process in which homologous chromosomes exchange reciprocal portions of themselves. allows the 'genetic deck' to be shuffled |
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| Characters that Mendel studied |
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Definition
| Seed shape, seed color, pod shape, pod color, flower color, flower position, stem length |
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Definition
| Mendel's First Law - Differing characters in organisms result from two genetic elements (alleles) that separate in gamete formation, such that each gamete gets only one of the two alleles. The physical basis for this is the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| Mendel's Second Law - During gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another. |
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| a condition in which two alleles of a given gene have different phenotypic effects, with both effects manifesting in organisms that are heterozygous for the gene (Blood Type) |
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| a genetic condition in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between either of the homozygous phenotypes |
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