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Definition
| groups that when plugged into another molecule, it gives that molecule an added charge or property. functional group is a group of atmos that confers a special property on a carbon-based molecule |
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Definition
| organic molecules that always contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and that in many instances contain nothing but carbon, oygen, and hydrogen |
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| a branch of chemistry devoted to the study of compounds that have carbon as their central element |
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Definition
| molecules where the only elements present are hydrogen and carbon |
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| Why is carbon central to life |
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Definition
| Most biological molecules are built on a carbon framework |
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| Four groups of organic compounds |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Definition
| the building blocks of carbohydrates. monomers of carbohydrates collectively referred to as simple sugars. examples are glucose |
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| when you put two monosaccharides together |
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| a large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits |
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| a small molecule that can be combined with other similar or identical molecules to make a polymer |
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| Examples of monosaccharides |
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Definition
| monomers such as Glucose and Fructose |
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| monomers such as Arginine and leucine |
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Definition
| monomers such as sugar, phosphate, base in combination |
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| Examples of polysaccharides |
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Definition
| Polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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| Examples of polypeptides or proteins |
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Definition
| polymers such as A- and B- cahins of insulin |
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| Examples of nucleic acids |
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Definition
| polymers such as DNA or RNA |
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| Four types of complex carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin |
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Definition
| complex carbohydrate found in plants; it exists in the form of such foods as potatoes, rice, carrots, and corn. these starches serve as the main form of carbohydrate storage in plants |
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Definition
| serves as the primary form of carbohydrate storage in animals. |
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| a rigid, complex carbohydrate contained in the cell walls of many organisms. |
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| a complex carbohydrate that forms the external skeleton of the arthropods-all insects, spiders, and crustaceans |
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| a class of molecules whose defining characteristic is that htey do not readily dissolve in water. lipids are made of the same things as carbohydrates, but have more hydrogen relative to oxygen |
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Definition
| triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes |
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Definition
| a lipid molecule formed from three fatty acids bonded to glycerol |
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Definition
| a molecule found in many lipids that is composed of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group |
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Definition
| a fatty acid with no double bonds between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain |
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Term
| Monounsaturated Fatty acid |
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Definition
| a fatty acid with one double bond between carbon atoms |
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Term
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
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Definition
| a fatty acid with two or more double bonds between carbon atoms |
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Definition
| a class of lipid molecules that have, as a central element in their structure, four carbon rings. the thing that separates one steroid from another are the various side chains that can be attached to these rings |
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Definition
| a steroid molecule that forms part of the outer membrane of all animal cells and that acts as a precursor for many other steroids. male hormone is testosterone and female hormone is estrogen |
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Definition
| a charged lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group |
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Definition
| a phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms |
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Definition
| can be defined as a lipid composed of a single fatty acid linked to a long-chain alcohol |
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Definition
| Enzymes, hormones, transport, contractile, protective, structural, storage, toxins, communication |
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Definition
| a series of amino acids linked in linear fashion |
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Definition
| an extremely diverse group of biological molecules composed of the monomers called amino acids. a large, folded chain of amino acids. this is what a polypeptide chain is called when it folds up in a specific three-dimensional manner |
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Term
| Amino Acids fundamental structural unit consists of |
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Definition
| an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a central carbon |
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Term
| The thing that differentiates on amino acid from another is... |
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Definition
| the group of atoms that occupies the R or "side-chain" position |
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Term
| How many amino acids are the basis for all proteins in living organisms? |
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Definition
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| Amino acids are strung together by |
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Definition
| the carboxyl group of one amino acid joining to the amino group of another |
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Term
| First level of structure in a protein |
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Definition
| Primary Structure: simply its sequence of amino acids. Determines everything else about the protein's final shape |
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Term
| Second level of structure in a protein |
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Definition
| Secondary Structure: strucutural motifs, such as the corkscrew-like alpha helix, beta pleated sheets, and the less organized "random coils" are parts of many polypeptide chains, forming their secondary structure |
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Term
| Third level of structure in protein |
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Definition
| Tertiary Structure: these motifs may persist through a set of larger-scale turns that make up the tertiary strucutre of the molecule |
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Term
| Fourth level of structure in protein |
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Definition
| Quaternary Structure: several polypeptide chains may be linked together in a given protein, in this case hemoglobin with their configuration forming its quaternary structure |
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Definition
| molecules that are a combination of lipids and proteins. They are transport molecules that amount to a capsule of protein surrounding a globule of fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| combinations of proteins and carbohydrates.receptors on the surface of cells are likely to be composed of glycoproteins, where the protein would be the "stem" and the carbohydrate owould be the side chain that extend from the stem and serve as binding sites |
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| Building blocks of nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| the primary information-bearing molecule of life, composed of two linked cahins of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule in three parts: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base |
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Definition
| a molecule composed of nucleotides that is active in the synthesis of proteins. Functions include ferrying the DNA-encoded instructions to a kind of workbench in the cell, called a ribosome, where proteins are put together |
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Term
| DNA is composed of these three types of component molecules |
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Definition
| Phosphate groups, the sugar deoxyribose, and the bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (ATCG) |
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Term
| What links together to form the handrails of the double helix? |
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Definition
| The sugar from one nucleotide links with the phosphate from the next |
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Term
| The complementary bases that link the two rails together are linked by... |
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Definition
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Term
| First step in DNA replication |
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Definition
| the joined strands of the double helix unwinds, separating from one another |
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Term
| Second step of DNA replication |
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Definition
| The nucleotides on each of the single strands are then paired with free-floating nucleotides that line up in new, complementary strands |
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Term
| Third step in DNA replication |
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Definition
| is that now both strands of the original double helix are being paired with new strands, which forms the two double helices |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that unwind the double helix, separating its two strands to make the bases on them available for base pairing. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of enxymes that move along each strand of the double helix, joining together nucleotides as they are added-one by one-to form new, complementary strands of DNA. they also remove a mismatched nucleotide and replace it with a proper one. |
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Term
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Definition
| a permanent alteration of a DNA base sequenc |
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Term
| DNA is copied by means of each strand of DNA serving as a ____ for the synthesis of a new, _____ strand |
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Definition
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Term
| The DNA gets replicated in this phase of mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substances or things that cause mutations (ex: sunlight, cigarette smoke, carcinogens) |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation of a single base pair in the genome. |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled cell proliferation, impacts adjacent tissues, mitosis will keep occurring and grow uncontrollably, it will invade other parts of your body |
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Term
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Definition
| two classes on proteins that play a big part in cancers |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary Structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Quaternary Structure |
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Term
| Polypeptide chains function as proteins only when... |
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Definition
| folded into their proper three-dimensional shape |
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Term
| First step of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| a stretch of DNA is unwound and then Transcription - its message (the order of a's, t's, c's, and g's) is copied onto a a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). the segment of mRNA leaves the cell's nucleus, and heads for a ribosome in the cell's cytoplasm, where translation takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| an ogranelle, located in the cell's cytoplasm, that is the site of protein synthesis |
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Term
| Second step of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| Translation - Joining the mRNA chain at the ribosome are amino acids, brought there by transfer RNA molecules. The length of messenger RNA is then "read" within the ribosome. A chain of amino acids is linked together in the order specified by the mRNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which information encoded in messenger RNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome. |
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Term
| Differences between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
| RNA is usually single stranded, DNA is structured in two strands. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine. RNA has a ribose sugar, while DNA has a deoxyribose sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| this complex of enzymes unwinds the DNA sequence and then strings together the chain of RNA nucleotides that is complementary to it, and then produces the initial RNA chain |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of RNA that encodes, and carries to ribosomes, information for the synthesis of proteins |
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Term
| The DNA strand that codes for the RNA in transcription is |
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Definition
| the Non-Template, or Coding strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Each coding triplet of mRNA bases |
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Term
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Definition
| the inventory of linkages between nucleotide triplets and the amino acids they code for. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of RNA that, in protein synthesis, binds with amino acids, transfers them to ribosomes, and then binds with messenger RNA |
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Term
| mRNA binds to a tRNA by means of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| found in the cytoplasm and it is a structural component of ribosomes. |
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Term
| mRNA codon that is the usual "start" codon for a polypeptide chain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the use of technology to control biological processes as a means of meeting societal needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism whose genome has stably incorporated one or more genes from another species |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more segments of DNA that have been combined by humans into a seququence that does not exist in nature |
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Definition
| proteins derived from bacteria that can cut DNA in specific places and are like molecular scissors |
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Term
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Definition
| extrachromosomal rings of bacterial DNA tha can be as little as1,000 base pairs in length. they can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome, but just as important for biotech's purposes, they can move into bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell's incorporation of genetic material from outside its boundary. some bacterial cells do this naturally, while others much be induced to perform it by means of chemical treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more segments of DNA that have been combined by humans into a sequence that does not exist in nature |
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Term
| Who is responsible for the technology of recombinant DNA |
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Definition
| Paul Berg 1/2, Walter Gilbert 1/4, Frederick Sanger 1/4 |
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Term
| First step in making a protein of interest |
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Definition
| We get human DNA and take a gene of interest by cutting it with a restriction enzyme |
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Term
| Second Step of Making a Protein of Interest |
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Definition
| We take a plasmid and use the same restriction enzyme to snip plasmid |
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| Third Step of Making a Protein of Interest |
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Definition
| Put the human protein of interest in the plasmid to create recombinant DNA |
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Term
| Fourth Step of Making a Protein of Interest |
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Definition
| Transformation is the process that you use to get the recombinant DNA in the new bacteria. you can do this by heat shock or other methods |
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Term
| Fifth Step of Making a Protein of Interest |
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Definition
| you put the bacteria in a peatry dish with a lot of food and space and it will begin to replicate and grow |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| a technique for quickly producing many copies of a segment of DNA. |
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