• mass production of protein
• modify an organism
• study biochemical properties or genetic pathways of a protein

1. bacteria with no plasmid
2. bacteria with plasmid, but no insert
3. bacteria with plasmid and insert

• organism which replicated the vector
• size of the DNA that can be inserted

Microarray Comparative

 Genomic Hyberization

Examines 1000s of genes simultaniously

GFP

Gene that makes it glow green

ADR

•  adverse drug reactions
• over 2 million per year
• 4th leading cause of death

Gene Expression Profiling

indicates genes transcribed

Use of antibiotics in society?

• medical use
• agricultural
• cosmetics
• toothpaste
• soap
• high chairs

Transformed

uptake of external DNA (garbage man)

Gene Therapy

treatment of genetic diseases by delivering replacement genes to correct the genetic diversity

Requirements for approval of clinical trials

•  No alternative therapies (treatments)
• knowledge of symptoms
• success in growing human cells in vitro
• animal model
• safe experiment

Genome Organization

What percent of genes encode protein?

Bt Insecticide gene

a bacterial gene that specifies a protein that destroys the stomach lining of certain larva

Conjugation

exchange genes

(r-plasmid)

Non-human genome projects

What is the minimum set of genes required for life?

Palidrome

most restriction cuts at areas that are spelt the same forward and back

Creating r-DNA molecules

1. DNA is cut with restriction enzyme
2. add vector (plasmid)
3. gets shuttled to other compatible ends of DNA
4. ligase joins them together

Explain how the overuse of drugs encourages antibiotics to become resistant

selection pressure causes the body to select resistant

Process of Making a Clone

Bgal turns colorless molecules into a colored substance

Scientific concerns

•  What cells should be treated?
• What proportion of target cells must be corrected to alleviate the disease?

Transduction

new genes from a faulty virus infection

Biotechnology

use or modification of cells or biological molecules for a specific application

Reasons why bacteria become resistant

• mutation
• conjugation
• transformed
• transduction

Prevention of antibiotic resistance

• Wash hands
• prudent use of antibiotics
• make new antibiotics
• use non-resistant bacteria

Genetic Counselors

• trained in psych and genetics
• educate about genetic information
• evaluate risks
• decide which tests are appropriate
• insurance
• counsel patients before and after tests
• resource for referral or support group

Vectors

carries and replicates the DNA of interest

Evolutionary Studies

compare genomes of different species

Human Genome Project

10 year project to sequence the human genome or determine the order of nucleotides

(announced in 2003)

Genomic Art

art designed to raise awareness about genetic testing

Transgenetic Organism

an organism that develops from genetically altered gamates

What is an antibiotic?

Medicine that kills bacteria

Problem with treatin hereditary diseases?

Not allowed to genetically alter sex cells

Recombiant DNA molecule

combines DNA from two sources to create a new combination of genetic material

Issues with Pharmagenomics

•  cost?
• genetic discrimination?
• Insurance
• regulations
• privacy

Mutation

alters protein to provide resistance

Diagnostis

Identify disease causing genes

DNA Variation Screening

Detects mutations in SNPs

Vector DNA

shuttle for moving and copying the DNA fragments of interest

Population genetics

compare genomes and specific gene variants from different people to trace history

Pharming

the harvesting of proteins from secreted materials like milk

Bioethical Concerns

• Does the person understand?
• expensive?
• no germline cells?
• deaths?
• rare or common diseases should be treated?

Genetic Counseling Issues

• Privacy
• non-direct information
• insurance
• role within healthcare profession

Pharmagenomics

Use of genetics and genomics in drug

discovery and development

Reconstruction Enzymes

cut DNA at specific sites