Term
| How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following macromolecules can be broken down into intermediate products that enter cellular respiration? |
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Definition
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
lipids |
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Term
| The substrates for photosynthesis are |
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Definition
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Term
| What is produced when wine is made? |
|
Definition
| CO2, ATP, and ethyl alcohol |
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Term
| Within chloroplasts, the fluid-like matrix in which the Calvin cycle occurs is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is (are) products of the Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is composed of a sugar, the organic base adenine, and |
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Definition
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Term
| How many net ATP are made in glycolysis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism |
|
Definition
| glycolysis-pyruvate-acetyl CoA- Krebs cycle-electron transport chain |
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Term
| What is needed for the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, to enter the Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Making of breaking chemical bonds gluing atoms together to form new molecules or tearing apart and sometimes sticking the pieces onto other molecules is |
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Definition
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Term
| energy can change from one state to another (from potential to kinetic for example) but is can never be destroyed. The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant. This is...... |
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Definition
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Term
| The disorder in a closed system like the universe is continuously increasing. |
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Definition
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Term
| measure of the degree of disorder of a system so the second law of thermodynamics can also be stated simply as "_______ increases" |
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Definition
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Term
| original molecules before the chemical reaction occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| molecules that result after the reaction has taken place |
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Definition
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Term
| energy needs to be supplied because the product of the reaction contains more energy than the reactant ( like a rolling boulder uphill) |
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Definition
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Term
| tends to occur spontaneously because the products has less energy than the reactant (like a boulder that has rolled downhill) |
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Definition
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Term
| the extra energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and so initiate a chemical reaction is |
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Definition
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Term
| process of lowering the activation energy of a reaction is called |
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Definition
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Term
| protein catalyst used by cells to touch off particular chemical reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| the site on the enzyme surface where the reactant fits is called |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the site on the reactant that binds to an enzyme is called |
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Definition
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Term
| an enzyme ______ the activation energy of a particular reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| an enzymes ______ determines its activity |
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Definition
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Term
| the product of one reaction becoming the substrate for the next |
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Definition
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Term
| factors affecting enzyme activity |
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Definition
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Term
| alters the shape of the enzymes active site such that it cannot bind the substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| the lower set of panels shows a signal molecule serving as an ...... the substrate cannot bind to an enzymes active site unless this is first in place |
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Definition
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Term
| where the product of the reaction acts as a repressor. competitive or noncompetitive. |
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Definition
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Term
| interferes with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind |
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Definition
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Term
| changes shape of enzyme so it cannot bind to substrate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a backbone to which the other two parts are attached |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and NA |
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Term
| a chain of three phosphates in atp contain |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 phosphates are held together with |
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Definition
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Term
| when the endmost phosphate bond breaks considerable ______ is released |
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Definition
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Term
| where does photosynthesis occur on a tree |
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Definition
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Term
| cells that fill the interior of the leaf |
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Definition
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|
Term
| mesophyll cells contain numerous |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the first key event of photosynthesis occurs when a |
|
Definition
| beam of sunlight strikes the surface membrane of a thylakoid |
|
|
Term
| the primary pigment molecule in most photosytems in which an organic molecule that absorbs red and blue light but does not absorb green wavelengths |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| they are rich in green chloroplasts |
|
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Term
| within each pigment cluster, the chlorophyll molecules are arranged in a network called a |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| second stage of light reaction in photosythesis |
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Definition
| using the energy to make ATP and NADPH |
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|
Term
| first two stages of photosynthesis that occur in light |
|
Definition
| light dependent reactions |
|
|
Term
| third stage of photosynthesis. doesn't require light directly. |
|
Definition
| Calvin cycle/ light independent reactions. |
|
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Term
| molecules that absorb light energy are called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| photosystem II acts first in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the photosynthetic electrons are used to produce |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| which photosystem powers the production of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| as temperature increases in hot, arid weather, plants partially close their ____ to conserve water |
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Definition
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Term
| the failure of photosynthesis is called |
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Definition
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Term
| some plants are able to adapt to climates with higher temperatures by performing ________ in this process plants such as sugarcane, corn, and many grasses are able to fix carbon using different types of cells and chemical reactions within their leaves avoiding a reduction in photosynthesis due to higher temperature |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a second strategy to decrease photorespiration is used by many succulent water storing plants such as cacti and pineapple. These plants open their stromata and fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds during the night when its cooler and then close the stromata during the day |
|
Definition
| lacean acid metabolism CAM |
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Term
| the energy invested in building the organic molecules in retrieved by stripping away the energetic electrons and using them to make ATP a process called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when an atom or molecule gains an electron it is said to be reduced and the process is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidation and reduction always take place together because every electron that is lost by an atom through oxidation is gained by some other atom through reduction |
|
Definition
| oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions |
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|
Term
| the first stage in cellular respiration is a series of 10 reactions called ______ in which six-carbon sugar glucose is cleaved into three-carbon molecules of pyruvate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| breaking of a chemical bond releases enough energy to drive the formation of an ATP molecule from ADP (an endergonic reaction) Transfer of high energy phosphate group form a substrate to ADP is called..... |
|
Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| the first step of oxidative respiration in the mitochondrian is the oxidation of the three-carbon molecule called.... which is the end product of glycosis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the cell harvests electrons from pryrute in two steps: |
|
Definition
| oxidizing pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in the krebs and then oxidizing acetyl-CoA in the krebs cycle |
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|
Term
| the krebs cycle takes place in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage is this in the Krebs cycle? two carbon acetyl-CoA fragment produced from pyruvate is stuck onto a four carbon sugar producing a six carbon molecule |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage is this in the Krebs cycle? two carbons are removed as CO2, their elections donated to NAD and four carbon molecule is left. A molecule of ATP is also produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage is this in the Krebs cycle? two carbon atoms have been expelled as CO2 more energetic electrons are extracted and taken away as NADH or FADH 2 and we are left with the same four carbon sugar we started with |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why can't the Krebs Cycle occur in the absence of Oxygen ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolic reactions that use the energy primarily from carbohydrates but also from fatty acid or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bounded carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP. |
|
Definition
| electron transport chain (ETC) |
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|
Term
| Flavin adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that becomes FADH2 as oxidation of substrates occurs, and then delivers electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria during cellular respiration. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADHï€«ï€ H+ as oxidation of substrates occurs. During cellular respiration, NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are the end products for cellular respiration?
A. Glucose and carbon dioxide
B. Glucose and water
C. Glucose and oxygen
D. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
E. Carbon dioxide and water |
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Definition
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|
Term
A biologist is studying the reactants in the overall equation for cellular respiration. He or she would be studying which of the following molecules?
A. Glucose and water
B. Carbon dioxide and water
C. Oxygen and glucose
D. Carbon dioxide and glucose
E. Water and oxygen |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are coenzymes which assist in cellular respiration?
A. FAD and RuBP
B. NAD+ and FAD
C. NAD+ and RuBP
D. NAD+ and ATP synthase
E. FAD and ATP synthase |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The order of the major pathways and reactions of cellular respiration is:
A. Glycolysis-preparatory reaction-Krebs cycle electron transport chain
B. Electron transport chain-glycolysis-preparatory reaction-Krebs cycle
C. Glycolysis-electron transport chain-preparatory reaction-Krebs cycle
D. Krebs cycle-glycolysis-preparatory reaction-electron transport chain
E. Glycolysis-preparatory reaction-Krebs cycle-electron transport chain |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following phases takes place entirely outside the mitochondria and is considered to be anaerobic?
A. Electron transport chain
B. Preparatory reaction
C. Glycolysis
D. Krebs cycle
E. Chemiosmosis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The conversion of pyruvate into a 2-carbon acetyl group is carried out during which of the following phases?
A. Electron transport chain
B. Preparatory reaction
C. Glycolysis
D. Krebs cycle
E. Chemiosmosis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
As a result of glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of
A. pyruvate.
B. NADH.
C. acetyl CoA.
D. FADH2.
E. ATP. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following constitutes an input for the process of glycolysis?
A. 2 pyruvate
B. 2 NADH
C. 2 FADH2
D. 2 ATP
E. 2 acetyl CoA |
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Definition
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|
Term
The molecule NAD+ is said to have an oxidative role in glycolysis because it accepts
A. phosphate atoms.
B. oxygen atoms.
C. carbon dioxide molecules.
D. electrons and hydrogen ions.
E. pyruvate molecules. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
When an enzyme is used to convert ADP into ATP it is referred to as
A. enzyme ATP synthesis.
B. active site ATP synthesis.
C. substrate-level ATP synthesis.
D. enzyme ADP synthesis.
E. substrate-level ADP synthesis. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and carbon dioxide is given off during which phase of cellular respiration?
A. Chemiosmosis
B. Preparatory reaction
C. The electron transport chain
D. Anaerobic respiration
E. Glycolysis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which is not true of the preparatory reaction of cellular respiration?
A. It connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.
B. Carbon dioxide is given off.
C. Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group.
D. NAD+ is converted to NADH.
E. The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
This figure shows the structure of the mitochondrion. What does "b" represent?
A. The outer membrane
B. The inner membrane
C. The intermembrane space
D. The matrix
E. The cristae |
|
Definition
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|
Term
This figure shows the structure of the mitochondrion. What does "a" represent?
A. The outer membrane
B. The inner membrane
C. The cristae
D. The matrix
E. The intermembrane space |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A biologist is studying the inputs of the Krebs cycle. Which of the following molecules would he or she be most interested in studying?
A. Acetyl groups
B. Carbon dioxide
C. NADH
D. FADH2
E. ATP |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What role do NADH and FADH2 play in the process of cellular respiration?
A. They help break down glucose.
B. They carry electrons to the electron transport chain.
C. They oxidize pyruvate.
D. They produce ATP.
E. They assist in making acetyl groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an input for the Krebs cycle?
A. FADH2
B. Carbon dioxide
C. NAD+
D. ATP
E. NADH |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A biologist is studying where most of the energy from cellular respiration comes from. The biologist would be studying which of the following phases?
A. Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. The Krebs cycle
D. The electron transport chain
E. The preparatory reaction |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What is the significance of the cristae in the mitochondria?
A. Increase surface area therefore increasing glycolysis
B. Increase surface area therefore increasing the Krebs cycle
C. Increase surface area therefore increasing the preparatory reaction
D. Increase surface area therefore increasing fermentation
E. Increase surface area therefore increasing the electron transport chain |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A chemist is studying the carriers involved in the electron transport chain. Which of the following molecules would he or she be studying?
A. Pyruvate molecules
B. Acetyl groups
C. Cytochrome molecules
D. NADH molecules
E. FADH2 molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration?
A. It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
B. It acts as a coenzyme in the electron transport chain.
C. It acts as an input for the Krebs cycle.
D. It acts as an input for glycolysis.
E. It acts as an intermediate between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is not a product of the electron transport chain?
A. NAD+
B. Oxygen
C. ATP
D. FAD
E. Water |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Once NADH and FADH2 have delivered their electrons and hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain, they
A. pick up water molecules.
B. are shipped out of the mitochondria to be used by other organelles.
C. pick up carbon dioxide molecules.
D. pick up more hydrogen ions.
E. pick up oxygen molecules. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one carrier to another, providing energy to accomplish which of the following?
A. Convert NAD+ to NADH
B. Convert FAD to FADH2
C. Convert ADP to ATP
D. Pump hydrogen ions into the matrix
E. Pump hydrogen ions out of the matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ATP which is made during the electron transport chain is made at this site:
A. ATP reductase
B. ATP cytochrome complex
C. ATP cytochrome oxidase
D. ATP synthase complex
E. ATP coenzyme |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What would be the immediate result if the hydrogen ion concentration in the intermembrane space and the matrix reached equilibrium?
A. The conversion of NAD+ to NADH would stop.
B. Most ATP production would stop.
C. The conversion of FAD to FADH2 would stop.
D. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle would stop.
E. Most ATP production would increase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis of one glucose molecule?
A. 0 ATP
B. 4 ATP
C. 2 ATP
D. 6 ATP
E. 10 ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which of the following events of cellular respiration is no ATP produced?
A. The electron transport chain
B. Glycolysis
C. The Krebs cycle
D. The preparatory reaction
E. Chemiosmosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During the process of cellular respiration, what is the total number of ATP produced per glucose molecule?
A. 36 or 38
B. 32 or 34
C. 28 or 30
D. 24 or 26
E. 20 or 24 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What would be the result if oxygen became unavailable to the cell?
A. Glycolysis would stop.
B. The Krebs cycle would stop.
C. The electron transport chain would stop.
D. The preparatory reaction would stop.
E. Substrate-level ATP synthesis would stop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In animals, under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to which of the following molecules?
A. Glucose
B. Lactate
C. NAD+
D. ATP
E. Alcohol |
|
Definition
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|
Term
What is the benefit of converting pyruvate to lactate when oxygen is not available?
A. It allows the electron transport chain to continue.
B. It allows chemiosmosis to continue.
C. It allows the electron transport chain to produce oxygen.
D. It allows substrate-level ATP synthesis to continue.
E. It allows the Krebs cycle to produce oxygen. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following statements is true about fermentation?
A. It produces more ATP then cellular respiration with oxygen.
B. It doesn't need enzymes.
C. It occurs without oxygen.
D. It produces pyruvate as its end product.
E. It is very efficient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When someone is out of breath after vigorous exercise, they are experiencing
A. carbon dioxide debt.
B. ATP debt.
C. pyruvate debt.
D. lactate debt.
E. oxygen debt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A student is studying molecules produced during fermentation. Which of the following would he or she be least interested in?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Lactate
C. ATP
D. Oxygen
E. Alcohol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Degradative reactions which break down molecules are referred to as
A. deamination.
B. anabolism.
C. catabolism.
D. fermentation.
E. cellular respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the carbon skeleton of an amino acid loses an amino group the carbon skeleton has undergone
A. anabolism.
B. glycolysis.
C. fermentation.
D. substrate breakdown.
E. deamination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Of the following statements, which is common to proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids?
A. They all undergo the electron transport chain.
B. They all undergo glycolysis.
C. They all undergo the preparatory reaction.
D. They all need carbon dioxide to be broken down.
E. They all produce the same amount of energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following molecules produces the most energy when degraded?
A. Amino acids
B. Proteins
C. Polysaccharides
D. Lipids
E. Monosaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you follow a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, it is likely you will
A. experience no change in body weight because your body will not receive enough lipids to synthesize fat.
B. lose weight because you must consume lipids in order to synthesize fat.
C. gain weight because intermediates from cellular respiration can be converted to fat.
D. gain weight because you will retain water.
E. lose weight because you will become dehydrated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cyanide is a poison that binds to the final carrier in the electron transport chain. Why does this property make cyanide deadly?
A. Cyanide prevents the reduction of oxygen and stops the electron transport chain.
B. Cyanide inhibits the reduction of NAD+ and FAD.
C. Cyanide blocks the channel through the ATP synthase complex.
D. Cyanide causes ATP hydrolysis.
E. Cyanide inhibits the formation of lactate from pyruvate. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
One molecule has gone through glycolysis and the preparatory reaction. The net number of ATP molecules produced so far is
A. zero.
B. one.
C. two.
D. six.
E. 36 or 38. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The carbon dioxide we exhale results from the oxidation of
A. oxygen.
B. water.
C. coenzyme A.
D. glucose and other organic molecules.
E. NADH and FADH2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the overall reaction for cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized, and _____ is reduced.
A. glucose, water
B. oxygen, glucose
C. oxygen, water
D. glucose, carbon dioxide
E. glucose, oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When did ATP make its appearance on the planet Earth?
A. 0.5 billion years ago
B. 1.5 billion years ago
C. 2.5 billion years ago
D. 3.5 billion years ago
E. 4.5 billion years ago |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How much of the available energy stored in glucose is converted to ATP?
A. 68%
B. 7%
C. 26%
D. 50%
E. 39% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a baker wants to make bread, which of the following organisms must be used to make the dough rise?
A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B. Lactobacillus
C. Acetobacter aceti
D. Streptococcus thermophilus
E. Aspergillus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
50. Which of the following is not a benefit of aerobic exercise?
A. Increased lung efficiency
B. Increased heart efficiency
C. Decreased number of mitochondria in cells
D. Burning short term energy stores
E. Burning long term energy stores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The best fat burning exercise would be
A. short and aerobic.
B. short and anaerobic.
C. long and aerobic.
D. long and anaerobic.
E. watching television. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a carbon-fixing process in which carbon dioxide is bound to a compound to form a four-carbon intermediate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a water-conserving, carbon-fixing process; ____ plants take in carbon at night and fix it into various organic compounds and release it during the day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a class of pigments that are present in the thylakoid membrane of plants and that aid in photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a substance that gives another substance or mixture its color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the initial reactions in photosynthesis, which are triggered by the absorbtion of light by photosystems I and II and include the passage of electrons along the electron transport chains, the production of NADPH and oxygen gas, and the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms |
|
Definition
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|
