Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid whose double-helix contains the genes with genetic information |
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Term
| How many genomes are passed on during reproduction? |
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Definition
| half father's genome and half mother's genome and then both halves come together in a fertilized ego produce an entirely new genome |
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Term
| What 4 chemical substances lie along the the double helix and are referred to as bases? |
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Definition
| Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and each series of As, Ts, Gs, and Cs represents information for the production of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of DNA bases is copied onto the molecule mRNA and mRNA then moves out of the cell's nucleus to a ribosome (in the cytoplasm) where the mRNA sequence is brought together with amino acids |
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Term
| What is the result of protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| A chain of amino acids that folds into a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of physical inheritance among living things |
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Term
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Definition
| the complete collection of an organism's genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| The duplication of DNA where the two strands of the double helix unwind and then each single strand serves as a template for construction of a second, complementary strand |
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Term
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Definition
| The separation of the cell's duplicated chromosomes (pre-cytokinesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical splitting/separation of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The repeating pattern of growth, genetic duplication, and division seen in most cells |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two identical strands of chromatin that make up a chromosome in its' duplicated state |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecular complex, composed of DNA and associated proteins, that makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| units of DNA that are divided and packaged |
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Term
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Definition
| any two that share paternal and maternal qualities |
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Term
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Definition
| duplicates chromosomes while carrying out its work |
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Term
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Definition
| pictorial arrangement of complete set of human chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Both mitosis and cytokinesis takes place in this part of the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| (takes place just outside of the nucleus) a cellular structure that acts as an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| a plane located midway between the poles of a dividing cell |
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Term
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Definition
| protein fibers that are part of the cell's cytoskeleton or internal fiber network |
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Term
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Definition
| the microtubules active in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotic cell division which makes for a short cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| (sexual) specialized reproductive cells (gametes and sperm) come together to produce offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| The cells that are produced through meiosis. (Eggs and Sperm come together to produce offspring). Gametes only have 23 chromosomes in them, not 23 pair, so they are considered HAPLOID |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which a single diploid cell divides to produce 4 haploid reproductive cells |
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Term
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Definition
| "2n" cells where 2 = a doubled number of chromosomes/n = haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
| duplicate once, divide twice (product = 4 cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes separate |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatids (daughter cells) separate |
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Term
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Definition
| when 2 homologous chromosomes have been maternally and paternally paired |
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Term
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Definition
| the random distribution of homologous chromosome pics during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes pair with each other and in the process called CROSSING OVER they exchange reciprocal segments of themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| there is an independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosome pairs on either side of the metaphase plate. THIS CHANCE ALIGNMENT DETERMINES WHICH DAUGHTER CELL EACH CHROMOSOME WILL END UP IN. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces organisms that are exact genetic copies of the parent |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 matched pairs of chromosomes; 22 of autosomes and one pair of sex-determining Y chromosome |
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Term
| Determined Male Offspring |
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Definition
| if the sperm with a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg |
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Term
| Determined Female Offspring |
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Definition
| if the sperm with an X chromosome fertilizes an egg |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells at the beginning of the male gamete formation |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid cells that give rise to the spermatids that develop into mature sperm cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells at the beginning of the female gamete formation, most or all of which are produced prior to the birth of a female |
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Term
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Definition
| the cells that will go through meiosis 1, producing haploid oocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| the 3 out 4 cells that don't receive enough cytoplasmic material during cell division to be able to develop into a haploid egg |
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Term
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Definition
| one plant can pollinate another |
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Term
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Definition
| any physiological feature, bodily characteristic or behavior of an organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genes/material elements that come in pairs |
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Term
| first filial generation (f1) |
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Definition
| the offspring of the parental generation |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism with two identical alleles for a given character |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism with differing alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed in heterozygous condition |
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Term
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Definition
| not expressed in heterozygous condition |
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Term
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Definition
| differing character in organisms result from 2 genetic elements (alleles) that seperate in gamete formation. such that each gamete only gets one of the two alleles |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| during gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another |
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Term
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Definition
| breeding organisms for 2 characters |
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Term
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Definition
| operates when neither allele for a given gene is completely dominant, with the result that a heterozygous genotype will yield an intermediate phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| neither allele is dominant; each has a separate phenotypic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| within a population there can be many allelic variants of a single gene |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution of values that is symmetrical around the average |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic disorder that will not exist in the presence of a functional allele |
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Term
| People with recessive disorders |
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Definition
| might still possess an allele for them which they can pass onto their offspring |
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Term
| If mom's colorblind and son is colorblind but dad is not |
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Definition
| daughter is a carrier and all male offspring will be colorblind and all female offspring won't be |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication > Transcription > Translation (DNA > RNA > mRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| the investigation of life at the level of its individual molecules |
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Term
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
| discovered the chemical structure of DNA in 1953 which ushered in a new era in biology because it allowed researchers to understand some of the most fundamental processes in genetics (JUST REMEMBER X RAY DIFFRACTION) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA molecule is composed of these building blocks, each of which consists of one sugar (deoxyribose), one phosphate group, and four bases (ATGC) |
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Term
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Definition
| linked in a chain that forms the "handrails" of the DNA double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| extend inward and are joined to each other in the middle by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
first: double helix divides down the middle
second: each A specifies a place for a T in a new strand and each G specifies a place for a C
third: the end product is two double helices |
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Term
| How does life build itself |
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Definition
| Each double helix produced in replication is a combo of one parental strand of DNA and one newly synthesized complementary strand |
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Term
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Definition
| move along the double helix in DNA replication, bonding together new nucleotides in complementary DNA strands |
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Term
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Definition
| a string of amino acids tht shape into a protein when folded into a 3D shape. The order in which the amino acids are linked in a polypeptide chain determines which protein will be produced. |
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