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In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic material to the offspring. The fusion of female gamete (egg) and male gamete (sperm) forms a zygote that potentially develops into offspring. |
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| Gametes (male and female) |
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contain the genetic materials for sexual reproduction
Sperm = Male
Ovum or egg = Female
gametes are produced by cells that undergo meiosis. |
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produces gametes, cells that contain only half as many sets of chromosomes as other body cells (the somatic cells) |
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o When the male and female gametes fuse, restoring the full chromosome number
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Sexual repoduction, Both the production of gametes and the combination of genetic material from two individuals tend to increase genetic diversity
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| is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. |
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involves the production of offspring by a single individual without a contribution of genetic material from another individual.
fast and efficient,
offspring genetically identical to the parent
occurs in all prokaryotes and in many plant and animal species.
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a form of asexual production where a female’s egg develops into a new organism without ever having to be fertilized by a sperm cell, how an entire species can be female like lizards etc
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an offspring grows right out of the body of the parent, hyras and flowers |
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| A parent breaks into multiple pieces, and each develops into a fully functioning, independent individual |
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sperm and eggs unite outside the male’s and female’s bodies, many aquatic invertebrates |
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Conditions of external fertilization
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the tiny gametes of one sex can be very quickly washed away from those of the other sex- so they produce a large number at the same time
· water temperature, phase of the moon, day length, chemicals released by one or the other sex (pheromones), and courtship rituals helps syncronize the realease
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most frog species
He holds on until she releases her eggs, at which point he releases his sperm to fertilize them (externally). Males will sometimes hold on to a female for weeks or even months at a time! |
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the sperm are deposited directly in the female’s reproductive tract and unite with eggs inside her body
most mammals |
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| External fertilization on land |
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§ gamete desiccation (drying out) |
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| a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. |
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| an unborn human baby, esp. in the first eight weeks from conception, after implantation but before all the organs are developed following the first division into two cells |
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fertilized egg moves outside the body, The embryos are nourished by nutrients in the egg’s yolk, and live offspring emerge from the egg
birds
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most embryonic development takes place inside an egg, with the embryo nourished by the egg’s yolk, but the egg itself remains in the female’s body until it hatches (or is released just before hatching).
aquatic organisms- sharks
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a strategy in which the embryo develops inside the mother, nourished by nutrients in her blood, and live offspring are born.
mammals, humans, some reptiles and anphibians
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The process of sperm production is similar among most mammals and requires 9–10 weeks in humans.
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has three columns of tissue
one along each side and a third underneath that becomes engorged with blood, causing erection and making copulation possible.
external |
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a bone present in the penis and contributes to its stiffness. in most animal species besides humans
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a sac containing the two testes
generally on the outside of the body |
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the site of sperm production.
Each testis is made up of highly coiled seminiferous tubules |
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testosterone and other androgens are produced. |
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· stimulates sperm production
primary male hormone |
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15- to 20-foot-long coiled tube, in each testis, where sperm mature and is linked to the vas deferens |
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links the epididimis to the urethra where u ejaculate |
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below urinary bladder secretes a milky basic (non acidic) fluid containing enzymes and sperm nutrients
1/3 volume of ejaculate |
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| secretes nutrients for sperm, helps increase sperm motility, makes female reproductive tract more hospitable to sperm |
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below the urethra near the base of the penis,
contributes to the remaining 1% of ejaculate
mucus and sugar that lubricates the tip of the penis before copulation |
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formed in the highly coiled seminiferous tubules of the testes, a cell produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa |
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divides by mitosis to produce two cells
One of these cells is another spermatogonium, so the male never runs out of a store of sperm-producing cells;
the other is a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiosis, in the first step of sperm production.
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made from spermatogonium that went through meiosis and produced two cells
Each primary spermatocyte produces two cells in the first meiotic division. These two cells are called secondary spermatocytes, |
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| two cells produced by primary spermatocytes during the first meiotic division, complete the second meiotic division with each cell producing two spermatids (4 total) |
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the four spermatids produced by each secondary spermatocytes as a product of meiosis
haploid
matures into a sperm cell and moves from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis where sperm become motile, continually produced by meiosis |
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| sperm mature in the epididymis, within each testis. |
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| containing enzymes that can break down the protective layers surrounding an egg in the head region of the sperm |
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| Storage and transfer of sperm |
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| during ejaculation, sperm move from the epididymis (in each testis) through the vas deferens as a result of contractions of the muscular tissue of the vas deferens. |
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| sperm moving from each vas deferens then pass through the ejaculatory duct and into the urethra. During copulation, sperm are ejected from the urethra into the female reproductive tract. |
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| consisting of sperm cells and fluids that nurture and aid the sperm in fertilization—is ejaculated during copulation. sperm are only 1 to 5% of the semen |
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studied the competition of sperm, different ball size of chimps
Jane Goodall noted, fertile chimpanzee females may have sex dozens of times a day with many different males. Consequently, the tiny testes of the gorilla are perfectly adequate, but for a chimp male to win these sperm competitions, he must produce significantly more sperm |
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| Toxic semen components- supreses further mating by the female for several days insuring fathers paternity, fruit fly semen that can incapacitate other male's sperm |
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| make it possible for males to dislodge the sperm of other males that have already mated with a female, dragonflies |
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When females mate with more than one male, sperm competition occurs and can lead to a variety of adaptations, including
increased sperm production and testis size,
semen that can create a physical barrier to subsequent mating,
toxic semen components, and penis morphology that aids in the displacement of rival males’ sperm. |
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| female reproductive organ |
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*diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid eggs,
-in the process, a great deal of variation is generated so that each haploid egg has a unique genetic makeup.
-When the haploid egg is fertilized by a sperm, the diploid condition is restored.
-Eggs are produced in much smaller numbers; each egg is considerably larger than a sperm cell; and the production process can take decades rather than days, even though it begins at a much younger age. |
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| develop from the same embryonic tissue that, in males, produces the penis and scrotum. |
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| a tube-like chamber into which sperm are released during copulation, connects with the uterus aka womb where the embryo develops |
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also called the womb, where an embryo develops throughout pregnancy,
-the lower narrowest part of the uterus is the cervix
-• The lining of the uterus, rich with blood vessels, is the endometrium, where the fertilized egg implants and is nourished. |
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| The lining of the uterus, rich with blood vessels, where the fertilized egg implants and is nourished. |
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or oviducts, connecting to the top of the uterus
extend in a funnel-shaped way to the ovaries |
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| The process of gametogenesis in females starts in the ovaries while the female is still a fetus, deployed oogonia cells multiply by mitosis which then begins meiosis and stops at prophase I where the call is a primary oocyte contained within a folic |
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| diploid cells in the fetus that multiply through MITOSIS, then begins MEIOSIS until prophase I it stops until puberty- the real ease of hormones stimulate the completion of meiosis I the cell a primary oocyte contained within a folic |
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oogonia that have undergone mitosis and then meiosis stopping at prophase 1, contained within a follicle
Remain in their hibernation-like state until puberty
periodic bursts of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) cause several primary oocytes to complete meiosis I and then splits into two cells- nearly all the cytoplasm goes to the secondary oocyte |
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| the small structure in which an egg will form. At birth, there are approximately one million follicles in a female’s ovaries, each follicle containing a primary oocyte. |
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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| periodic bursts during puberty that cause primary oocytes to complete meiosis I |
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| one of the two cells from the primary oocyte completing meiosis I, gets almost all of the cytoplasm. becomes an egg during ovulation swept by cilia in the fallopian tube and carried down towards the uterus . AFTER fertilization the secondary oocyte finally completes meiosis once again with an unequal division of cytoplasm - the ovum receives most |
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| the second sell from the primary oocyte that gets almost no cytoplasm and disintegrates, then again after the secondary oocyte (now egg) is fertilized giving the ovum the cytoplasm then disintegrating |
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| The haploid ovum now fuses with the haploid nucleus of the sperm, forming a diploid fertilized egg, called a zygote. |
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| airborne chemicals probably realeased from women's armpits that help sync up the reproductive cycle in women |
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| the timing and development of egg production which is regulated by hormones and occurs approx every 28 days |
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| When the uterus prepares for the possible implantation and nurturing of a fertilized egg, and sheds its lining when fertilization does not occur. regulated by hormones |
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| 3 steps process of fertilization |
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activation, penetration, and fusion of the nuclei
At fertilization, a sperm penetrates the protective zone around the egg, the egg blocks additional sperm entry, and the sperm and egg membranes fuse. The egg then completes its second meiotic division, and the haploid nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse, forming a diploid zygote. |
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| Between the granulosa cells and the egg’s membrane, there is a glycoprotein layer called the zona pellucida |
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| Traditionally, the first day of menstrual bleeding, a woman’s “period,” or menstruation, is considered the first day of the menstrual cycle. Three to five days of bleeding occur as the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is sloughed off. |
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| FSH, just as its name indicates, causes a few follicles in the ovaries to grow and develop, although only one follicle reaches full maturity. Within this one follicle, the primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division and becomes a secondary oocyte. |
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| As the follicles develop, they produce estrogen, gradually increasing the level of estrogen in the blood. |
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| The high levels of estrogen trigger the release of a burst of luteinizing hormone (LH) and more FSH. |
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| The burst of LH triggers ovulation, causing the secondary oocyte to erupt from the follicle and out of the ovary. This release occurs approximately halfway through the menstrual cycle, around day 14, and signals the end of the follicular phase. |
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| As the second half, or luteal phase, of the reproductive cycle begins, the follicle cells that had surrounded the oocyte develop into a structure called the corpus luteum (Latin for “yellow body”). These cells begin secreting smaller amounts of estrogen, but increasing amounts of progesterone. |
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| As the second half of the reproductive cycle begins, the follicle cells that had surrounded the oocyte develop into a structure called the corpus luteum (Latin for “yellow body”). These cells begin secreting smaller amounts of estrogen, but increasing amounts of progesterone. |
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| the body to prepare for gestation of an embryo, in case fertilization occurs. Progesterone’s primary effect is to cause a thickening of the endometrium, or lining of the uterus. The endometrium becomes increasingly rich with blood vessels and deposits of glycogen that can nourish a developing embryo. |
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| If a female egg is not fertilized.. |
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the egg disintegrates and the corpus luteum degenerates, sloughs off, and is shed, along with the disintegrating egg, as menstruation begins.
Abruptly removing this source of estrogen and progesterone causes the lining of the uterus to slough off, and menstruation begins.
With continuing reduction in estrogen levels, the pituitary gland is spurred to release FSH, and the process begins again. |
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| If a female egg IS fertilized… |
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| usually occurs in the Fallopian tube, the zygote begins development and after several days begins to secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone prevents degradation of the corpus luteum, which continues to secrete progesterone, thereby maintaining the endometrium. |
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