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| most common elements in living organisms |
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| oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen |
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| simplest organic molecule, greenhouse gas, produced by livestock |
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| smallest living particles that retain properties of an element...made up of protons (+), nuetrons (0), and electrons (-), building blocks of matter |
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| atoms of an element (same # of p & e) with different number of nuetrons, behave same way in chemical reactions |
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| nuecleus breaks apart, gives off radiation that can be detected and used for many applications, emits particles and energy as they decay, eventually becoming a different element |
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| negative charge, repel one another, attracted to protons in the nucleus, move in orbitals |
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| hold up to 2 electrons, the closer to the nucleus the lower energy (and filled first) |
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| first-2 electrons...second-8...third-8 (rings energy levels = # of electrons that can fit) |
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| ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
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| giving/taking of electrons...1 atom loses electrons and becomes positively charged ion...another atom gains electrons and becomes negative...either way become electrically charged (opposites attract!) and become ions |
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| element with different number of electrons than protons (ionic bonding!) |
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| covalent bonds (polar and non-polar) |
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| sharing electrons...if non-polar than shares equally...if polar then shares unequally, causing weak electrical charges |
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| caused by polar-covalent bonds, weak interactions involving a H atom and a F, O, or N atom |
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| periodic table rows and columns |
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| horizontal rows- periods...vertical rows-groups (same # of electrons in outer shell) |
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| = # of protons. also = # of electrons (in nuetral atom) |
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| # of protons + # of neutrons |
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| pure substances formed when 2+ electrons combine, formed from specific combination of elements in a fixed ratio, can't be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means |
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| metals & nonmetals (electrons) |
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| metals tend to donate electrons while nonmetals tend to accept them |
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| crystalline at room temperature, higher melting points compared to covalently bonded things |
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| when molecules close, forces between - and + regions hold them together...strength of molecule depends on type, size, etc. |
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| atoms/groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances |
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| minumun amount of energy needed for reactants from products in a chemical reaction |
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| minumun amount of energy needed for reactants from products in a chemical reaction...exothermic and endothermic |
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| light a match, energy released |
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| icepacks...smack to get cold |
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| speeds up a reaction (lowers activation energy needed for chemical reaction)...matchmaker!...not used in reaction |
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| biological catalyst, can be used over and over again |
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| reactants that bind to enzymes |
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| specific location where substrate binds on an enzyme |
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| what happens when a substrate attaches to an enzyme |
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| changes shape of enzyme, factors such as pH and temp affect enzyme activity |
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| unequal distribution of charges |
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| negative exponent of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions |
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| 2= energy level...s=orbit shape...^2=# of electrons |
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covalent bond of 2 of the same atoms (travel in pairs in the gaseous state)
H, O, N, F, Cl, Br, I |
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| uniform composition throughout |
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| substance in which another substance is dissolved |
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| substance that is dissolved in the solvent |
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| release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
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| substances that release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water |
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| measure of concentration of hydrogen atoms (H+) in a solution |
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| mixtures that can react with acids r bases to keep the pH within a particular range |
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| the element Carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules |
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| this can be in shapes of straight chains, branches chains, & rings |
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| 1 carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms |
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| carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules...large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together |
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| molecules made from repeating units of identical/near identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds |
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| two monosaccharides joined together (2 sugars) |
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| multiple monosaccharides joined together |
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| molecules made mostly of H and O |
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| lipids with tail chains with only 1 bond between carbon atoms (solid at room temperature) |
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| lipids with at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain |
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| fats with 1+ double bond in the tail |
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| made of small carbon compounds called amino acids |
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| small compounds made of C, N, O, H, and sometimes Sulfur...have central carbon atom...make up proteins |
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| puts together 2 monomer...take out H20 and put together...THE FORMATION OF A COVALENT BOND BY THE REMOVAL OF -OH AND H FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, FORMING WATER...condensation..between 2 monomers |
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| the individual subunits of organic molecules |
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| what defines the proteins primary structure |
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| the number and order of amino acids |
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| compound molecules that store and transmit genetic information (reproduction)...(made of smaller repeating subunts called nucleotides, composed of C N O P and H atoms) |
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| phosphate group, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), & nucleotide base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil) |
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| DNA- thymine, cytosine, guanine, adenine (ATCG)...RNA- uracil, cytosine, guanine, adenine (AUCG) |
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| insulation, energy, part of cell membrane...compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1 O and 2 H atoms for each car bon atom (ex: CH2O) |
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| 4 carbon rings attached to eachother |
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| dehydration synthesis (loss of water molecule->bond) |
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| the splitting of a molecule by reaction with water |
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| the functional group of the alcohols |
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| used in the building of fats and carbohydrates |
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| found within the structure of ATP and DNA |
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| a key component of the amino acids and fatty acids |
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| contains nitrogen and is important in some nucleotide base |
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| activity by which cells acquire and use energy for cellular process |
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| functional-group transfer |
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| the movement of functional groups between molecules |
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| any reaction that splits a molecule into two smaller molecules |
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| a change in the internal bond structure of a molecule |
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| the type of chemical reaction that moves electrons between molecules |
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| the type of covalent bond linking one amino acid to another |
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| 3+ amino acids joined in a linear chain...polypeptide=protein |
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| the lowest level of protein structure consisting of a linear, unique sequence of amino acids |
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| coils or twists in amino acids caused by hydrogen bonds |
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| the level of organization determined by interacting domain |
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| a structurally stable unit of a polypeptide chain |
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| globular proteins and hemoglobin are examples of this level of protein structure |
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| event that can alter protein structure enough to block or enhance its function |
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| a mutation that results in replacement of the correct amino acid with an incorrect amino acid |
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| the unwinding of protein structure causing a change in shape |
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| a molecule that can transfer phosphate groups, making molecules reactive |
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| chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one is bonded at the phosphate group of the other |
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| two nucleotide chains twisted together to form a DNA molecule |
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| single-stranded molecules made of ribonucleotides |
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| the signature molecule of life, made from deoxyribonucleotides |
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| group of atoms that are always together |
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| 1 out of 4 carbon bonds are with hydrogen, other 3 bond with an amino group, a carboxyl group, and variable group |
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| tough structural material of plant cell walls; formed from glucose chains |
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| strengthens external skeletons and other hard body parts of some animals and cell walls of fungi |
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| five-carbon sugar occurring in DNA |
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| instant energy source and building blocks of cells; a parent molecule for many other compounds |
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| muscle and liver cells tap stores of this compound for a rapid burst of energy by degrading it to release glucose units |
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| sugar in milk; formed from one glucose and one galactose unit |
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| five-carbon sugar occurring in RNA |
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| storage form for photosynthetically produced sugars |
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| most plentiful sugar in nature; transport form of carbohydrates in plants; table sugar; formed from glucose and fructose |
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| polymer...phosphate group and 2 fatty acids |
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| lipid, hydrophobic, storage molecule for energy, polymer...3 fatty acids and a glyserol |
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