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| The scientific study of life. |
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| New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. |
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| An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems bases on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. |
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| A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules. |
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| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. More organized (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) |
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| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with deoxyriblose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. |
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| A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). |
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| A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |
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| A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces that reinforces or amplifies the change. |
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| An approach to understanding the natural world. |
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| The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions. |
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| A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory. |
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| A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. |
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| A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. |
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| An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence. |
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| A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab. |
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| The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commence but also including uses in basic research. |
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| Increase in temperature and change in weather patterns all around the planet, due mostly to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels from the burning of fossil fuels. The increase in temperature, called global warming, is a major aspect of global climate change. |
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