Term
| Macromolecules are created by ____ reactions. |
|
Definition
| Dehydration synthesis: loss of H from on monomer and OH from another so that the two can bind. |
|
|
Term
| Macromolecules are broken down by ____ reactions. |
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis: adding H2O across a bond. one molecule takes an H and one takes an OH. |
|
|
Term
| ___ are polymers of amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dehydration synthesis is AKA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking small things and building them up into bigger things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking big things and breaking them down into smaller things |
|
|
Term
| Adding water across a bond to break it is called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identity of an amino acid depends on ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| switching the amino acids in a protein |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids have chirality, so they are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are joined by ____ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereoisomers must have how many different groups on the alpha carbon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the only amino acid without a stereoisomer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most living things are D/L stereoisomers, but bacteria is a D/L stereoisomer because of the peptidoglycan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H bonding is important in protein primary/secondary/tertiary structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-sheets and a-helices are part of protein primary/secondary/tertiary structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-sheets are formed by H bonds on every __ and __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a-helices are formed by H bonds on every __(#) C=O. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folding of proteins due to interaction of R groups |
|
|
Term
| ___ bonds need enzymes to make and break them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are polymers of monosaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates can be ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ of carbohydrates come in alpha and beta forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sugars are bound by ___ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a-glycosidic bonds are characteristic of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a/B glycosidic bonds can't be digested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are polymers of nucleotides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphate, pentose, nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| In a nucleotide, the Phosphate is always attached to the __ carbon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In nucleic acid formation, a condensation reaction forms ____ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleic acids are assymetric because they have a ___ at the 5' end and a ___ at the 3' end. |
|
Definition
Phosphate, OH (PHosphate -- Five') |
|
|
Term
| Why are nucleic acids assymetric? |
|
Definition
| to perpetuate condensation rxns |
|
|
Term
| Lipids are formed by the condensation of ___ and ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saturated fatty acids have no ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trans fatty acids are found in ____, cis are found in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ fatty acids are runny and loosely packed, like oil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ fatty acids are packed tightly, like butter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are formed by replacing one fatty acid with a phosphate and are amphipathic molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biological membranes are made up of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are bundles of lipids between proteins in membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membranes are 1/2 ___ and 1/2 ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and dehydrogenated vegetable oil |
|
Definition
Hydrogenated: saturated fatty acids
Partially hydroenated: cis-unsaturated
Dehydrogenated: trans-unsaturated |
|
|
Term
| ___ is how much detail can be seen, or how close together two objects can be while still being distinct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resolution (d) - bigger/smaller d means better resolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is how distinct an object is from the background. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smaller/bigger wavelength makes for better resolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical bacteria are about how big? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The typical light microscope can see ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stains actually stain the specimen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stains stain the background, not the specimen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is an optical trick that makes a specimen look dark against a light background. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is an optical image that creates a pseudo 3-D image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has better resolution, light or electron microscopes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes illuminate from straight on, have bad contrast, and are the most common kind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes are used to see very think or small specimens, and illuminate from the side to reflect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ___ microscopes, light passes through the specimen in a ring. Light that goes through the specimen is bent and slowed, and light that doesn't go through is sped up so that it's at a different wavelength, creating a shadow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes are also called ___ and contain polarized light separated by 90 degrees by a Wollaston prism. |
|
Definition
| DIC (differential interference contrast), Nomarski |
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes are most often used to look at protozoa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes use a special type of condenser, so no other modifications are needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ uses phase-shifting of light to contrast images. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes use excitation wavelengths as illuminating light, can see emission wavelength of fluorescently labeled specimen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes are used to view thick specimens. An aperture shuts out light from all but one focal plane of the object, and a computer builds up a 3-D image plane by plane. |
|
Definition
| Confocal Scanning Laser (AKA Confocal) |
|
|
Term
| Why should you only use an electron microscope once per specimen? |
|
Definition
| They are damaging to the specimen. |
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes send an electron beam through a specimen, just like a beam of light. It requires the specimen to be extensively fixed and stained. |
|
Definition
| TEM - Transmission Electron |
|
|
Term
| In the TEM, the ____ emits electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN a TEM microscope, magnification of ____ is possible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In TEM microscopy, specimens must be extensively prepared to make them appx ___um. which damages the specimen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes detect electrons and X-rays scattered from a surface to create a dramatic 3-D image. It projects light onto a specimen, rahter than through it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ can create a 3-D image of varying magnifications... from a cockroach to a virus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopy is like a CAT scan for bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopy gets images from many different angles by rotating the specimen to create a 3-D image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ allows us to see internal details of a specimen in 3-D. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ microscopy is done at very cold temperatures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopy monitors electric field at the tip of a nontube probe. The field varies as the probe is pushed over a surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopy can see and move atoms and visualize electron orbitals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ microscopes are especially useful for viewing very slight contrast differences between internal structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stains use a basic dye to adhere to negatively charged cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic dyes are ___ charged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ Stains use more than one stain to stain cells differently based on cell properties. Example? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram negative bacteria have thick/thin peptidoglycan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stains are differential stains that differentiate based on waxy coats. |
|
Definition
| acid fast... usually acid-fast molecules stain red |
|
|
Term
| ___ stains stain the backgroun, not the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How permeable are cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can pass through a cell membrane and how? |
|
Definition
Water - through aquaporins (free passage)
Small, non polar solutes 4-6A |
|
|
Term
| Water flow across a membrane results in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoosmotic vs. hyperosmotic |
|
Definition
Hypo: higher solute concentration inside cell
Hyper: higher solute concentration outside cell |
|
|
Term
| Most of the time bacteria is in a hypo/hyperosmotic environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If large molecules can't be easily moved across a membrane, how do cells get the proteins they need for nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Break them up into monomers |
|
|
Term
| How is turgor pressure created? |
|
Definition
| if cell is hypoosmotic, water flows in to even it out... creates turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
| What keeps a cell from bursting due to turgor pressure? |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan in cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperosmotic environment can cause cell to "shrivel up". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extra solutes inside cell to prevent cell from plasmolysis |
|
|
Term
| ____ results in motive gradients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proton motive force results in both a ___ and ___ difference. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The PMF tends to pull protons into/out of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the PMF pull protons into the cell? |
|
Definition
| there is a difference in proton concentration (change in pH) |
|
|
Term
| the respiratory chain is AKA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is bacteriorhodopsin used to create a PMF? |
|
Definition
| uses light energy. photoreceptor cells have a "flipper" that flips H+ to other side of membrane. |
|
|
Term
| How does the electron transport chain create a PMF? |
|
Definition
| uses energy from redox reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the PMF used for? |
|
Definition
| ATP synthesis, molecular transport, to power flagella |
|
|
Term
| If a proton pump was inserted in a membrane, what would happen to the pH on that membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does peptidoglycan add monomers? |
|
Definition
| transglycosylation - break PG chain and add new monomer (requires 2 enzymes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between gram negative and gram positive peptidoglycan. |
|
Definition
Pos: need 5 glycines to create "bridge" to link monomers (thicker)
Neg: direct cross-linking between monomers (thinner) |
|
|
Term
| How does penicillin work? |
|
Definition
| prevents transpeptidation (cross linking) of peptidoglycan... keeps bacteria from growing... so it doesn't work on dormant cells |
|
|
Term
| How does vancomycin work? |
|
Definition
| Against MRSA. Prevents crosslinking via transglycosylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolyzes crosslinks in peptidoglycan by making several, small cuts in the cell wall... causes it to be unable to hold in turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the major difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria (besides peptidoglycan)? |
|
Definition
gram positive have telchoic acid sticking out of peptidoglycan layer... body makes antibodies against these.
Gram negative bacteria has outer layer made of LPS. Lipoproteins anchor the outer layer to the PG. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LPS - endotoxin that is toxic to humans because it contains Lipid A |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium is made by ____ and is hard to kill because? |
|
Definition
| mycolic acids - hard to kill/stain because of its waxy outer layer |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to uptake things into the cell |
|
Definition
| passive transport, active transport, group translocation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane protein that helps transport molecules into and out of cell. switches between outward facing (facing extracellular) and inward facing (intercellular) conformation |
|
|
Term
| Why does passive transport require energy but can't concentrate a molecule against it's gradient? |
|
Definition
| the energy for passive transport comes from the energy gradient of the molecule being transported... molecules can only be transported with gradient, not against it |
|
|
Term
| A ___ uses electrical potential (negative inside cell) like a magnet to pull positive ions into the cell or negative ions out. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can uniports concentrate molecules against their concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 modes of active transport using the PMF |
|
Definition
| uniports, antiports, and symports |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break down molecules and release energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building up molecules, requires energy |
|
|
Term
| Most metabolism involves ___ reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduction reactions require energy that can be provided by the energy released by ___ reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When losing/gaining electrons, you lose energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a compound is reduced it gains/loses electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons are always donated to a lower/higher energy state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are electrons called reducing power? |
|
Definition
| because they provide energy |
|
|
Term
| How do enzymes speed up a reaction? |
|
Definition
| Induced fit: When the substrate binds to the enzymes, the enzyme bends around it to hold it in place and make the reaction happen more quickly... requires Energy |
|
|
Term
| Why does concentration matter in competitive inhibition? |
|
Definition
| Whichever molecule is more concentrated (substrate or inhibitor) will outcompete the other. |
|
|
Term
| ___ inhibitors resemble the substrate and interact with the active site. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of competitive inhibitor |
|
Definition
| sulfanamide competitively inhibits PABA |
|
|
Term
| ___ inhibitors do not resemble the substrate, but the bind to another part of the enzyme to cause a change in shape. |
|
Definition
| non-competitive (allosteric) |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of non-competitive inhibition |
|
Definition
| keeps enzyme from carrying out induced fit when the real substrate tries to bind |
|
|
Term
| Why would bacteria die when enzymes are denatured? |
|
Definition
| changes shape of enzyme - no induced fit. |
|
|
Term
| central metabolism of bacteria contains what 3 processes? |
|
Definition
| glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
| Purpose and 3 major products of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| oxidizing glucose to produce ATP, pyruvate and NADH (reducing power) |
|
|
Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation is when an enzyme bonds __ and __ to make __. It gets its energy from a ___ rxn. |
|
Definition
| ADP and Phosphate, ATP ... coupled catabolic rxn |
|
|
Term
| How does oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate produce energy? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated to relase CO2 and produce electrons.. creates reducing power. |
|
|
Term
| Purpose and 3 major products of TCA cylce |
|
Definition
| Oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce CO2, ATP, and electrons (NADH and FADH2) |
|
|
Term
| Recycling NADH into NAD requires ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. favored electron acceptors (O2, NO3, S, SO4)
2. Organic electron acceptors (pyruvate) |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate acid fermentation vs. Pyruvate alcohol fermentation |
|
Definition
1. Pyruvate reduced directly to Lactate
2. Pyruvate reduced to Acetaldehyde then to ethanol |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates are converted to ___ during metabolism, which is then used for? |
|
Definition
| glucose or fructose ... glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Lipids are converted to ___ during metabolism, which are then used for? |
|
Definition
| glycerol (glycolysis), fatty acids (b-oxidation and TCA) |
|
|
Term
| Proteins are converted to ___ during metabolism which are then used for? |
|
Definition
| amino acids, then enter central catabolism at various points |
|
|
Term
| ___ describes how carbon compounds are made. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are polysaccharides made in anabolism? |
|
Definition
| from glycolytic intermediates |
|
|
Term
| How are lipids made in anabolism? |
|
Definition
| from glycerol and acetate - built up to fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| How are nucleic acids made in anabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is electron transport chain used to release redox energy? |
|
Definition
| Electrons release energy in small steps as they transit electron transport molecules... energy released as electrons move from higher to lower (more neg to more pos) electron potential |
|
|
Term
| Energy released in electron transport chain is used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 most common electron carriers? |
|
Definition
| NAD and FAD, heme (e- only, not H+) |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic electron transport occurs in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the PMF created in the electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
| alternating between e- only carriers and e- and H+ carriers. ... transport "complexes" pump H+ out of cell to create PMF |
|
|
Term
| Proton pump in ETC is due to ___. |
|
Definition
Quinone (Q) loop
Quinone reduced to Quinol to reduce FeS |
|
|
Term
| The PMF is used to make ___. This is known as? |
|
Definition
| ATP ... oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, and mitchell hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| How does oxidative phosphorylation make ATP? |
|
Definition
| ATP synthase is "rotor" for pump... pushes ADP and P close enough to make ATP... for every turn of the rotor, 3 ATP are made |
|
|
Term
| Which is more diverse, mitochondrial or bacterial electron transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw is bacterial electron transport so diverse? |
|
Definition
| uses different transport complexes, uses different TEA's, can pump variable numbers of H+, can use more than one transport chain at a time (chain can be branched), may or may not have cyt c oxidase (complex 4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diagnostic test that tests for if a bacteria ETC has complex 4 or not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fumarate, DMSO, trimethylamine, NO3 |
|
|
Term
| How do you know if a given electron donor can donate to a given electron acceptor? |
|
Definition
1. e- must be donated downhill (down energy gradient)
2. organism must have enzymes to recognize both the acceptor and the donor |
|
|
Term
| Light energy reduces/oxidizes chlorophyll in a reaction center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channel light to the reaction center during photosynthesis by exciting the electrons to a higher energy state - makes them easier to take out of their orbital |
|
|
Term
| Oxygenic photosynthesis is also known as |
|
Definition
| Z-scheme photosynthesis because of how electrons are transferred from different energy states |
|
|
Term
| Oxygenic photosynthesis happens in what kind of bacteria |
|
Definition
| blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Photosystem 1 and 2 are in what kind of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of oxygenic photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| Electrons pass from PSII to PSI make ATp, electrons passing from PSI make reducing power (NADPH), electron "holes" in PSII filled by electrons from H2O or H2S |
|
|
Term
| Photosystem II involves the protein ___, Photosystem I invovles ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher wavelength = higher/lower energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An important electron carrier in photosynthesis is ___. Oxigenic can use it by bacteriochlorophyll can't... why? |
|
Definition
| ferredoxin... bacteriochlorophill use P870 and P940... too low energies to be able to interact with ferredoxin |
|
|
Term
| Purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria use what kind of chlorophyll. This is known as ___ photosynthesis. |
|
Definition
| Bacteriochlorophyll, anoxygenic |
|
|
Term
| How is purple sulfur bacteria photosynthesis done in reverse? |
|
Definition
| P870 and P940 can't reach ferredoxin, so they go backwards from Ubiquinone to NADPH, to ferredoxin to create PMF |
|
|
Term
| Why don't green sulfur bacteria need to use reverse electron transport, even though the use bacteriochlorophyll like purple sulfur? |
|
Definition
| they use P840, which is high enough energy to reach ferredoxin |
|
|
Term
| Phototrophic anaerobes require what kind of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemolithotrophic anaerobes |
|
Definition
| Methanogens - H2 electron donor, CO2 and methanol electron acceptor, produce methane |
|
|
Term
| Chemoorganotrohpic anaerobes in the respiratory chain. |
|
Definition
| Sulfate reducers - in swamp soil, produces black "goo", uses organic carbon sources |
|
|
Term
| Chemoorganotrophic anaerobes as fermenters |
|
Definition
| CLostridium, lactic acid bacteria, propionibacterium |
|
|
Term
| Why is clostridium of industrial importance? |
|
Definition
| produces butanol that can be used as motor fuel |
|
|
Term
| What is lactic acid fermentation of industrial importance? |
|
Definition
| use to produce yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, etc |
|
|
Term
| Why is propionibacterium of industrial importance? |
|
Definition
| Make swiss cheese ... also causes acne due to increased fatty acids in skin during puberty |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of phototrophic anaerobes |
|
Definition
| purple sulfur, purple nonsulfur, green sulfur, green nonsulfur |
|
|
Term
| How do purple and green nonsulfur bacteria live "double lifestyles"? |
|
Definition
| can live in aerobic (as chemotrophs) or anaerobic (as phototrophs) conditions |
|
|
Term
| How are sulfur oxidizing bacteria used in biomining |
|
Definition
| produce SO4 in water ... somehow this recovers metals out of sulfide mineral ?? |
|
|
Term
| ___ bacteria use NH4 as electron donor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Nitrogen fixation (producing NH4 from N2)
2. Oxidation by nitrifying bacteria (producing NO3 from NH4)
3. Denitrifying bacteria produces N2 from NO3 |
|
|
Term
| Obligate aerobe with a versatile metabolism and fluorescent pigments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| obligate aerobe that is acid fast, has waxy coat, and causes TB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obligate aerobe that is super resistant to radiation damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facultative anaerobe that is a "gut bug" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using contaminates as nutrients for bacteria to decontaminate contaminated soil -- pseudomonas often used |
|
|
Term
| Why can Deinococcus resist radiation so well? |
|
Definition
| two cells together, one with active DNA, one with endospore... protected DNA in endospore can repair damaged DNA in active cell |
|
|
Term
| ___ is an aerobe that forms cysts to fixes Nitrogen. How does it keep nitrogenase from being inactivated? |
|
Definition
| Azotobacter. increases respiration to limit available O2 to keep nitrogenase active (uses O2 faster than it can inactivate nitrogenase) |
|
|
Term
| ___ exhibit social motility by aggregating into fruiting bodies to gain greater access to nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ are a bacteria that grow without binary fission, but by growing into really long chains and then breaking off into spores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ bacteria has a life cycle... divides once it's stuck to a surface and creates a new, flagellated bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a parasite of gram negative bacteria that grows within the periplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ produces light in response to crowded growth conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ injects its DNA (with a tumor-inducing plasmid) into a plant cell to have the plant make food for the bacterium... causes a crown gall tumor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a nitrogen fixer that forms root nodules and uses an O2-binding heme (leghemoglobin) to lower O2 concentration to avoid inhibiting nitrogenase ... looks pink due to heme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Halophiles - salt, Hyperthermophiles - high temps, picrophilus and ferroplasma - low pH |
|
|
Term
| How do picrophilus and ferroplasma grow at such low pH even though the pH of their cytoplasm is neutral? |
|
Definition
| reverse membrane potential pumps out H+ |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the smallest?
bacteria, archaea, bacteriophase, prion, plant cell |
|
Definition
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Term
| What's the difference between a bacterium and a protozoa? |
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Definition
| Bacteria has peptidoglycan, protozoa does not |
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Term
Which of the following does not occur when amphipathic molecules are placed in a beaker of water?
A. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with themselves.
B. Van Der Waals interactions occur
C. Amphipathic molecules dissolve
D. Amphipathic molecules form a micelle
E. Weak interactions occur between water molecules and the amphipathic molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| The four basic biological macromolecules are? |
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Definition
| nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids |
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Term
| A type of microscope with enhanced contrast compared to bright field, but without enhanced resolution is? |
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Definition
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Term
| An Acid fast stain is an example of a ___ stain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical bacterial cells, when placed in a solution that is hypotonic with respect to bacterial cytoplasm will do what? |
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Definition
| Swell up, but not lyse as long as the cell wall is not damaged |
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Term
Gram negative cell envelopes contain ___, but gram positive envelopes do not.
Mycolic acids, techoic acids, lipid A, peptidoglycan, D-Amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| What do MFS transporters and PTS transporters have in common? |
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Definition
| They can both concentrate a molecule against a concentration gradient |
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Term
| An ABC ATPase import transporter is essentially irreversible because? |
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Definition
| It requires a protein to bind from the periplasmic side before the channel can open |
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Term
| Volutin (metachromatic) granules are used to store |
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Definition
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Term
The protein coat of an endospore is:
A. formed very earl in the sporulation process
B. Deposited between the membranes of the forespore and mother cell
C. Involved in drying out the spore core.
D. Strucuturally the same as the gram negative outer membrane
E. a thin layer of protein crosslinked with glycosidic bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| Advantage of growing cells in a continuous culture? |
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Definition
| You can make them grow as fast or as slow as you want |
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Term
| You are interested in seeing how many bacteria in a milk culture have survived HTST pasteurization. What would be the best way to do this? |
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Definition
| Filter through a membrane filter and then plate the filter |
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Term
The decimal reduction time for disinfecting a Staph-contaminated steel countertop with 500ppm bleach is 2 min. Which of the following would decrease the decimal reduction time?
A. using 5000ppm chlorine bleach
B. Disinfecting a rough surface
C. Disinfecting a greasy surface
D. Disinfecting a surface contaminated with mycobacteria
E. Using 70% ethanol |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is the best method for sterilizing an implanted cardiac pacemaker?
Microwive, soak with ethyl alcohol, wash with QUAT, irradiate with gamma rays |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is true about bacterial electron transport chains?
A. They are just like ETC in eukaryotes
B. They must use NADH as the electron donor and O2 as the acceptor
C. The do not use quinones
D. they do not use cytochromes
E. they can use different protein complexes to generate a variable PMF |
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Definition
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Term
| TEA for oxygenic photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: covalent bonds can only occur within a molecules, not between molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Weak interactions can only occur between molecules, not within a molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
One consequence of weak bonds occurring within a cell is that:
A. cells need outside energy to keep from falling apart
B. Covalent bonds only occur outside cells
C. Altering the water content of a cell can change the intracellular structure |
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Definition
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Term
| How much more concentrate are H+ ions in urine (pH 6) than in sea water (pH 8)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of microscope would be used to observe slight differences in cytoplasmic structure within a living bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| The single greatest contributor to tooth decay is? |
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Definition
| the use of sucrose in foods |
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Term
| How do you kill endospores? |
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Definition
| cross-linking (rigidifying) proteins |
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Term
Bacterial primary metabolites would be most effectively produced in
stationary phase, lag phase, batch culture growth flask, chemostat |
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Definition
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Term
| A soil sample is suspended in water, the dirt is filtered out, and the bacteria are counted by a coulter counter and a viable cell count. which will give the higher number? |
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Definition
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Term
| Penicillin has the most lethal effect on cells during which growth phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| An acceptable method for assessing the number of organisms in a drinking water sample is |
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Definition
| membrane filtration and plating |
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Term
a toilet seat that has been "sanitized for your protection" has:
A. no bacteria remaining on it
B. No pathogens remaining on it
C. Fewer naked viruses than it did before
D. Fewer bacteria than it did before |
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Definition
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Term
An otoscope that has been disinfected is most likely to still contain
A. gram negative rods like E. Coli
B. enveloped viruses
C. Bacterial endospores
D. Pseduomonas |
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Definition
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Term
| Irridation kills bacteria by? |
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Definition
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Term
| A surgical sponge should be sterilized by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chlorination kills cells by? |
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Definition
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Term
Preventing enzymes from being able to change shape is one way you can kill cells. Which of the following antimicrobial agents works this way?
A. 70% alcohol
B. formaldehyde
C. Moist heat
D. QUATs |
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Definition
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Term
| The major product of the TCA cycle is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria growing with glucose as the carbon source do not need the TCA cycle. Do they need it if they are growing with lipids as the carbon source? |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrons for the ETS come from NADH, but where does NADH come from? |
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Definition
| From redox reactions in glycolysis, TCA, etc |
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Term
| ATP synthase is a rotary motor at the molecular level. What is another example of a molecular rotary motor? |
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Definition
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