The glucose molecule has a large quantity of energy in its _____.

a. number of oxygen atoms

b. polar structure

c. C-N bonds

d. C-H bonds

Which of the listed statements describes the results of the following reaction?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy

a. C6H12O6 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized

b. CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized

c. O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized

d. O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced

e. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

What is the major adaptive advantage of cellular respiration?

a. reduce an electron acceptor molecule

b. supply cell with fixed carbon

c. utilize glucose

d. generate oxygen

e. produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

After the mealworm potato experiment, which of the following is true?

a. mass potato lost > mass mealworm gained

b. mass potato lost = mass mealworm gained

c. mass potato lost < mass mealworm gained

What is the most reasonable explanation for all the results of the mealworm potato experiment?

a. The mealworm performed cellular respiration and lost some mass from CO2 loss

b. the potato lost mass through evaporation

c. the mealworm lost mass through evaporation

d. the mealworm performed cellular respiration and lost some mass from food turning into energy

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for twenty-four hours would be expected to reveal high levels of:

a. glucose

b. gastrin

c. insulin

d. glucagon

e. secretin

When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood, _____.

a. the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate

b. kidneys begin gluconeogenesis

c. the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucose into the blood

d. the blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon

e. the liver catabolizes glycogen

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

a. during birthing contractions, oxytocin (a hormone) is released and acts to stimulate further contractions

b. after a blood vessel is damaged, signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets

c. when a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the secretion of proclatin (a hormone that stimulates lactation)

d. When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases.

Insulin increases the uptake of glucose by muscle, fat and liver cells by: (choose all that apply)

a. decreasing resistance to glucose diffusion

b. increasing GLUT vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane

c. increasing the [glucose] gradient

a. decreasing resistance to glucose diffusion

b. increasing GLUT vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane

Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by most cells of the body. Which of the following are possible fates of that glucose? (Choose all that apply.)

a. fat cells in adipose tissue use glucose to make fat

b. liver cells convert glucose to glycogen

c. muscle cells use glucose for metabolic fuel

d. liver cells convert glucose to fat

a. fat cells in adipose tissue use glucose to make fat

b. liver cells convert glucose to glycogen

c. muscle cells use glucose for metabolic fuel

d. liver cells convert glucose to fat

Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?

a. adrenal glands

b. ovaries (in females) or testes (in males)

c. pituitary gland

d. thryroid gland

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the ____________________________.

a. posterior pituitary and thyroid gland

b. hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

c. hypothalamus and thalamus

d. anterior pituitary and adrenal gland

e. anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

The regulation of blood sugar levels and our stress responses are controlled in part by a negative feedback loop involving cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). What would likely be the result during times of stress if cortisol receptors in the hypothalamus were nonfunctional?

a. blood sugar levels would be unaffected

b. CRH production would cease

c. ACTH production would cease

d. blood sugar levels would rise to dangerous levels

e. cortisol production would cease

Hormones that promote homeostasis_____________________.

a. utilize receptors that bind any hormone/initiate signal transduction in the target cell without binding to receptors

b. usually operate as part of a negative feedback system

c. travel to target cells without passage in the plasma

d. are not found as members of antagonistic signaling mechanisms

Which of the following processes includes all others?

a. osmosis

b. transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient

c. diffusion of a solute across a membrane

d. facilitated diffusion

e. passive transport

Which of the following is most likely true of a protein that cotransports glucose and sodium ions into the intestinal cells of an animal?

a. a substance that blocks sodium ions from binding to the cotransport protein will also block the transport of glucose

b. glucose entering the cell down its concentration gradient provides energy for uptake of sodium ions against the electrochemical gradient

c. the cotransporter can also transport potassium ions

d. sodium and glucose compete for the same binding site in the cotransporter

e. sodium ions can move down their electrochemical gradient through the cotransporter whether or not glucose is present outside the cell

Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP?

a. facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channel

b. movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than inside the cell

c. movement of water into a cell

d. movement of carbon dioxide out of a paramecium

e. movement of Na+ ions from lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid

[image]Based on the figure above, which of these experimental treatments would increase the rate of sucrose transport into the cell?

a. decreasing cytoplasmic pH

b. adding a substance that makes the membrane more permeable to hydrogen ions

c. decreasing extracellular pH

d. decreasing extracellular sucrose concentration

e. adding an inhibitor that blocks the regeneration of ATP 

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____.  

a. sodium and potassium ions out of the cell

b. sodium and potassium ions into the cell

c. sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell

d. sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Although the membrane of a "resting" cell is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is also _____.  

a. fully permeable to calcium ions

b. slightly permeable to sodium ions

c. highly permeable to chloride ions

d. fully permeable to sodium ions

e. imperable to sodium ions

Opening all of the sodium channels on an otherwise typical neuron, with all other ion channels closed (which is an admittedly artificial setting), should move its membrane potential to _____.  (Choose the best answer, the exact number not important because this value can change due to temperature , for example).   

The Nernst equation specifies the equilibrium potential for a particular ion. The equilibrium potential  for a specific ion depends on _____.  

a. a hydrostatic pressure gradient

b. the electrical gradient

c. osmotic gradient

d. the concentration gradient

The net movement (diffusion) of a given ion across the membrane of a neuron is zero when ____________.

a. the driving force from the concentration gradient is equal and opposite of the electrical driving force

b. the concentrations are in equilibrium (the concentrations inside and outside are equal to one another)

A common feature of action potentials is that they _____.  

a. can undergo temporal and spatial summation

b. are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold

c. cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize

d. move at the same speed along all axons

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the _____. 

a. depolarization of the neuron

b. hyperpolarization of the neuron

c. replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions

d. neuron activating its sodium-potassium pump to restore the initial conditions

Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons?

a. becuase the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell

b. because the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell

c. because the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

d. becuase the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

e. because the Na+ concentration is much lower outside the cell than it is inside

The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label _____.

 [image]

A, B, C, D, E

The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label _____.

[image]

A, B, C, D, E

Action potentials move along axons _____.  

Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?

a. the axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon

b. voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction

c. the nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction

d. ions can flow along the axon in only one direction

e. the brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

How do myelin sheaths increase the speed with which action potentials are propagated along an axon?

a. they cause action potentials to "jump" down the axon rather than travel in a continuous path along every site on the axon

b. they increase the permeability of Na+ ions in the plasma membrane

c. they amplify the action potential by increasing sodium influx along the entire distance of the neuron

What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down the length of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier?

a. there could be no action potential generated at the axon hilock

b. the action potential would be propagated nearly instantanesously to the synapse

c. the singal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels

Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then _____.

a. two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hilock

b. an action potential will be initiated and proceed only back toward the axon hilock

c. an action potential will be initiated, but it will die out before it reached the axon terminal

d. an action potential will be initated and proceed only in the normal direction toward the axon terminal

e. no action potential will be initiated

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____.

What causes the release of neurotransmitter at the synaptic knob?

a. calcium entering the synaptic knob via a voltage gated channel

b. the movement of calcium ions from the presynaptic into the postsynaptic neuron

c. the need to transmit the message to the next neuron

d. the action potential

The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse.

1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane.

2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm.

3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal.

4. The ligand-gated ion channels open.

5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Which sequence of events is correct?

a. 5, 1, 2, 4, 3

b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

c. 3, 2, 5, 1, 4

d. 2, 3, 5, 4, 1

The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by its_____. 

a. degradation on the postsynaptic membrane

b. active transport across te postsynaptic membrane

c. diffusion across the presynaptic membrane

d. diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane

In a chemical synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the_____

a. axon hillock

b. synaptice terminal

c. postsynaptic membrane

d. presynaptic membrane

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron can also add together, creating:

a. a temporal summation of graded potentials

b. a spatial summation of graded potentials

c. the refractory state

When two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing:

a. spatial summation of graded potentials

b. an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization

c. temporal summation of graded potentials

d. the refractory state

Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to _____.

a. hyperpolarize the membrane

b. open sodium channels

c. close chloride channels

d. close potassium channels

e. act independently of their receptor proteins

Functionally, which cellular location is a motor or interneuron's "decision-making site" as to whether or not an action potential will be initiated?

a. mitochondrial membranes

b. axon hillocks

c. presynaptic membranes

d. axonal membranes

How could you increase the magnitude of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated at a synapse?

a. all of the listed responses are correct

b. increase K+ premeability, post synaptic

c. increase sodium-potassium pump activity on the presynaptic side

d. increase the influx of calcium

The protein that makes up the thick filament of the sarcomere is________

In which part of the sarcomere pictured below contains the full length of the thick filaments?[image]

C, A, E, D, B

In a relaxed skeletal muscle _____.

a. the Z lines are farthest apart

b. thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest extent possible

c. calcium levels in the cytoplasm are high

d. sarcomeres are at their shortest length

When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a series of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occur last (that is, after all of the others)? 

a. depolarization of the muscle cell

b. acetylcholine (ACh) release

c. release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. action potential propagation down the T-tubules

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors? 

a. muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired

b. action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions

c. muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?

1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

a. 2->3->4->1->5

b. 5->3->1->2->4

c. 5->3->2->1->4

d. 2->1->3->5->4

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to _____ to initiate contraction. 

a. actin

b. troponin complex

c. sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. myosin heads

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions _____.      

a. cause the release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction

b. transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber

c. bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on the actin are exposed

d. break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP

What causes calcium to move back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

a. a calcium-sodium exchanger found on the SR

b. a calcium pump on the SR

c. a calcium channel on the SR

d. the calcium will move back into the SR in order to allow the musle to relax

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will _____.

a. fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor"

b. immediately relax

c. enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to seperate

d. release all actin-myosin bonds

e. sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen in such conditions is _____.  

a. 100 mm Hg

b. 160 mm Hg

c. 16 mm Hg

d. 40 mm Hg

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why? 

a. the percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level

b. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level

c. the percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level

d. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher at sea level

Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases is TRUE?

a. PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood

b. PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood

c. PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is greater than PCO2 in blood

d. PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is greater than PCO2 in blood

e. PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung = PCO2 in blood

Air moves into the lungs of humans during inhalation because _____. 

a. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, causing an increase in the lung volume

b. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure

c. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs casuing an increase in thoracic volume

d. the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract

The greatest difference in the concentration of oxygen (or carbon dioxide) is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?  (You'll need to know all the partial pressures presented in the video with numbers)

a. the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava

b. the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava

c. the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

d. the pulmonary vein and the aorta

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is primarily produced by changes in _____.  

a. pH

b. hemoglobin

c. partial pressure of oxygen

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____.

a. two membranes- in and out of the cell lining the lung- and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasme of the blood

b. five membranes- in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell- to bind with hemoglobin

c. four membranes- in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary- and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood

d. one membrane- that of the lining in the lungs- and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood

The direction of movement of a specific gas species is determined by ______________ and ______________ (choose two).

a. resistance to movement

b. size of the gas molecule

c. partial pressure gradient

d. solubility of the gas in blood

e. pH

f. temperature

a. resistance to movement

c. partial pressure gradient

The rate of hemoglobin unloading of oxygen depends on the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue.

True

False

P_O2 of blood near working tissue is lower both with high intensity exercise and in high altitude.  The reasons are: 

a. different: intense exercise decreases the rate of O2 movement into the blood and high altitude increases the rate of O2 movement out of the blood

b. different: intense exercise increases the rate of O2 movement out of the blood and high altitude decreases the rate of O2 movement into the blood

c. the same

Most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by human cells is ____

a. converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

b. simply dissolved in the plasma

c. bound to hemoglobin

d. transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid

Why do red blood cells have HCO3-/Cl- exchangers on their membranes? (Choose two.)

a. to keep the cell neutral when HCO3- exits the cell

b. HCO3- is toxic to humans

c. to allow more HCO3- creation via Le Chatelier's principle

d. red blood cells use up a lot of Cl- ions

a. to keep the cell neutral when HCO3- exits the cell

c. to allow more HCO3- creation via Le Chatelier's principle

Breathing is primarily regulated by _____. 

a. hemoglobin levels in the red blood cells

b. the lungs and the larynx

c. plasma carbon dioxide concentration and pH-level sensors

d. the concentration of red blood cells

HCO₃- cannot be created in the brain's interstitial fluid because there are no red blood cells.

True

False

The pH in the blood does not directly impact ventilation rate because:

a. the interstitial fluid of the brain has a very high concentration of H+ so the driving force on H+ ions is always out of the brain

b. the membrane of the blood brain barrier provide high resistance to H+ movement

Which of the following is not true for ventricular systole?

a. the ventricles contract

b. the atrioventricular valves close

c. the semilunar valves open

d. the ventricles relax

e. blood flows through the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

a. ventricular systole

b. ventricular diastole

c. atrial systole

d. atrial diastole

e. both atrial and ventricular systole

The atrioventricular valves open during...

a. ventricular systole

b. ventricular diastole

c. atrial systole

d. atrial diastole

e. both atrial and ventricular systole

Atrial contraction accounts for most of the ventricular filling.

True

False

The ventricles begin to fill during ventricular diastole.

True

False

Sino-Atrial pacemaker cells are the only heart cells that have a pacemaker action potential.

a. right atrium -> pulmonary artery -> left atrium -> ventricle

b. vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery

c. left ventricle -> aorta -> lungs -> systemic circulation

d. pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> pulmonary circuit

d. vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary vein

Circulatory systems compensate for _____. 

a. the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system

b. temperature differences between the environment and active tissue

c. the slow rate at which diffusino occurs over long distances

d. the rapid rate of bulk flow over long distances

Atria contract _____.

a. immediately after ventricular systole

b. during atrial systole

c. just prior to the beginning of diastole

d. during atrial diastole

What is the order of voltage-gated channel opening in a cardiac myocyte action potential?

a. V-Na, V-K, V-Ca

b. V-K, V-Na, V-Ca

c. V-Ca, V-Na, V-K

d. V-Na, V-Ca, V-K

What is the order of voltage-gated channel closing in a cardiac myocyte action potential?

a. V-Na, V-Ca, V-K

b. V-Ca, V-Na, V-K

c. V-Na, V-K, V-Ca

d. V-K, V-Na, V-Ca

Which ventricle will have thicker walls?

a. left ventricle

b. right ventricle

Where will you look to find the tricuspid valve?

Between the 

a. left atrium and ventricle

b. right ventricle and pulmonary artery

c. right atrium and ventricle

d. left ventricle and aorta

The aorta and pulmonary vessels will be found in which region of the heart?

a. base

b. apex

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____.

a. would block conductance between the bundle and the Purkinje fibers

b. is a major contributor to heart attacks

c. would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

d. would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance

What is the order of channel opening in a pacemaker cell action potential?

a. V-Ca, Funny-Na, V-K

b. Funny-Na, V-K, V-Ca

c. Funny-Na, V-Ca, V-K

d. V-Ca, V-K, Funny-Na

What is the order of channel closing in a pacemaker cell action potential?

a. Funny-Na, V-K, V-Ca

b. V-K, Funny-Na, V-Ca

c. V-Ca, V-K, Funny-Na

d. Funny-Na, V-Ca, V-K

What does the 123 mV on the pacemaker action potential graph represent? (Choose all that apply.)

a. the membrane potential when the electrical driving force is "pushing" calcium out of the cell as strongly as the large concentration driving force is "pushing" calcium into the cell

b. ECa

c. the membrane potential where there is no net movement of calcium

a. the membrane potential when the electrical driving force is "pushing" calcium out of the cell as strongly as the large concentration driving force is "pushing" calcium into the cell

b. ECa

c. the membrane potential where there is no net movement of calcium

Sino-Atrial pacemaker cells are the only heart cells that have a pacemaker action potential.

True

False

Baroreceptors are located...

a. in the aorta and subclavian arteries

b. in the aorta and the cartid arteries

c. aorta and carotid veins

d. aorta and sunclavian veins

e. aorta and common iliac arteries

 a. the vagus nerve

b. the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

c. the vagus and phrenic nerves

d. the phrenic and glossopharyngeal nerves

e. the phrenic nerve

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along...

a. the vagus nerve

b. the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

c. the vagus and phrenic nerves

d. the phrenic and glossopharyngeal nerves

e. the phrenic nerve

Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation.

True

False

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation, bringing elevated blood pressure back to normal.

True

False

Blood pressure is generally reported with two numbers.  A larger number for _____________ and a smaller number for _____________.

a. arterial, venous

b. diastolic, systolic

c. mean arterial, mean venous

d. systolic, diastolic

Changing cardiac output, can alter MAP by ____________. Chose ALL that apply.

a. not impacting the amount of blood going into the aorta while increasing the amoiunt of blood leaving the aorta

b. increasing the amount of blood going into the aorta while not impacting the amoung of blood leaving the aorta

c. not impacting the amount of blood going into the aorta while decreasing the amount of blood leaving the aorta

d. decreasing the amount of blood going into the aorta while not impacting the amount of blood leaving the aorta

b. increasing the amount of blood going into the aorta while not impacting the amoung of blood leaving the aorta

d. decreasing the amount of blood going into the aorta while not impacting the amount of blood leaving the aorta

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____.

a. 70 mL/minute

b. 2,800 mL/minute

c. 4,900 mL/minute

d. 1,000 mL/minute

Changes in which of the following will impact blood pressure? (Choose all that apply)

a. stroke volume

b. heart rate

c. resistance

a. stroke volume

b. heart rate

c. resistance

Changing total peripheral resistance, can alter MAP by ____________.  Chose ALL that apply.

a. not impacting the amount of blood going into the aorta while increasing the amount of blood leaving the aorta

b. decreasing the amount of blood going into the aorta while not impacting the amount of blood leaving the aorta

c. not impacting the amount of blood going into the aorta while decreasing the amount of blood leaving the aorta

d. increasing the amount of blood going into the aorta while not impacting the amount of blood leaving the aorta

a. not impacting the amount of blood going into the aorta while increasing the amount of blood leaving the aorta

c. not impacting the amount of blood going into the aorta while decreasing the amount of blood leaving the aorta

Baroreceptors are part of the control system for maintaining blood pressure. Which part of the control system are the baroreceptors?

a. sensor or receptor

b. integrator

c. stimulus

d. target of effector

The blood pressure is lowest in the ________________.

The sympathetic neurons impact: (Choose all that apply)

a. heart rate

b. stroke volume

c. vasoconstriction

a. heart rate

b. stroke volume

c. vasoconstriction

What is present in arterioles that is NOT present in capillaries?

a. plasma

b. epithelial cells lining vessel

c. circular smooth muscle cells

The parasympathetic neurons impact:

a. heart rate

b. stroke volume

c. vasodilation