Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pathogenic bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoa
parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to ward off disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vulnerability to diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition due to the presence of and multiplication of pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of being resistant to invading pathogens; mechanisms to prevent entrance and/or destruction of pathogens |
|
|
Term
| what is the organ system made of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow and spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a network of vessels that penetrate every tissue of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a collection of tissues and organs that produce immune cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a population of cells that inhabit all of our organs and defend the body from agents of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 functions of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
fluid recovery
immunity
lipid absorption |
|
|
Term
| the excess fluid that is not absorbed by the capillaries is transported through what system and is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does lymph re-enter the circulatory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what function of the lymphatic system deals with the excess fluid that the capillaries do not reabsorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what function of the lymphatic system deals with the picking up and destroying of pathogens and toxins at the lymph nodes where WBCs are located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are lymphatic vessels called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do lacteals transport |
|
Definition
| absorbed fats from the sm intestines which travel thru the lymphatic sys |
|
|
Term
| fats return to the blood thru the left or the right subclavian veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what function of the lymphatic system deals with the job of lacteals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 components of lymphatic sys |
|
Definition
lymph
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic tissue
lymphatic organs |
|
|
Term
| what is the recovered tissue (interstitial) fluid called in the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what contains lymphocytes and macrophages in esp high concentration and are set off by CT capsules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is lymph similar to plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lymph originate as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph leaving nodes contains a large number of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main supply of lymphocytes to the bloodstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to pathogens that enter with the lymph |
|
Definition
| they are filtered and destroyed by macrophages or lymphocytes in the nodes |
|
|
Term
| filtered blood re-enters the BV at the r/l subclavian veins and is now called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphatic capillaries
collecting ducts
6 lymphatic trunks
2 collecting ducts
r/l subclavian veins |
|
|
Term
| what type of capillaries penetrate nearly every tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are lymphatic capillaries closed at one end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of capillaries consist of a sac of thin endothelial cells(simple squamous epithelial) that loosely overlap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the flaps of the lymphatic capillaries help to create what type of flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do lymphatic capillaries form |
|
Definition
| during embryonic development by budding from veins |
|
|
Term
order of convergence of lymphatic vessels
(4) |
|
Definition
lymphatic capillaries
collecting vessels
lymphatic trunks
collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| what lymphatic vessel travels alongside veins and arteries and empty into lymph nodes that filter lymph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fast does lymph travel thru node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does lymph travel slowly thru node |
|
Definition
| allowing time for bacteria and pathogens to be phagocytized |
|
|
Term
| what -cyte monitors foreign antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are lymphatic trunks formed |
|
Definition
| by merging of collecting vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lumbar
intestinal
intercostals
bronchomediastinal
subclavian
jugular |
|
|
Term
| what do lymphatic trunks converge to form (2) |
|
Definition
r lymphatic duct
l lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) |
|
|
Term
| what is the union of the r jugular, subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the r lymphatic duct receive drainage from |
|
Definition
r side of head
r thorax
r arm |
|
|
Term
| where does r lymphatic duct empty in to |
|
Definition
| r subclavian vein (plasma) |
|
|
Term
| what is the prominent sac where the thoracic duct begins called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the thoracic duct empty in to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the thoracic duct drain |
|
Definition
entire body inferior to diaphragm
l thorax
l arm
l side of the face |
|
|
Term
| lymph with ___ empty into l subclavian vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary mechanism
skeletal mus pump
respiratory pump
rapidly flowing blood in subcalvian veins draw in lymph |
|
|
Term
| what is the rhythmic contractions of smooth mus that surrounds the lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
natural killer (NK)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
macrophages
dendritic cells
reticular cells |
|
|
Term
| what type of cell is a large lymphocyte that attacks and destroys bacteria, transplanted tissue, infected host cells, cancer cells and carries out immune surveillance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells are released from the thymus gland into blood and travel to lymph nodes, spleen, bloodstream and tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do T cells mature and differentiate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells carry out cellular immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells kill infected cell, tissue transplants and cancer cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytotoxic-T
helper-T
regulatory-T
memory-T |
|
|
Term
| what cells mature and differentiate in bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells are released from bone to blood and travel to lymph nodes, spleen, bloodstream and tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do B-cells differentiate into? (2 things) |
|
Definition
plasma cells
memory B-cells |
|
|
Term
| when do B-cells differentiate into plasma cells/memory B-cells |
|
Definition
| when activated by a specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| what do plasma cells produce |
|
Definition
| antibodies aka gamma globulins aka immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| t/f antibodies leave the extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can antibodies move into an infected cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of immunity do B-cells carry out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do B-cells carry out humoral immunity |
|
Definition
| bc antibodies are only effective in ECF |
|
|
Term
| do memory B-cells take part in 1st exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-cells produce ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do antibodies go after the pathogen |
|
Definition
| BEFORE the pathogen gets inside your cell |
|
|
Term
| antibodies work in the ___ fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-cells clone into ___ T-cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f T-cells kill your cells that have been infected by a pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-cells kill pathogen before/after it is already inside your cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are large phagocytotic cells of the CT that develop from monocytes that have emigrated from BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what phagocytizes tissue debris, dead cells, neutrophils, bacteria and foreign matter (type of cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T-cells alerting the immune sys of presence of enemy (cell type) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are called antigen-presenting cells (APCs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of macrophage is branched, mobile APC located in epidermis, mucus membranes and lymphatic organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells function is similar to macrophages in that they engulf foreign matter, migrate to lymph node and activate B and T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells are branched, stationary APCs located in the CT of lymphatic organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ tissues are aggregations of lymphocytes in CT of mucous membranes and various organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
diffuse lymphatic tissue
lymphatic nodules |
|
|
Term
| what is the simplest form of lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ___ lymphatic tissue, the lymphocytes are scattered rather than densely clustered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of lymphatic tissue is prevalent along passageways that open to the outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is diffuse lymphatic tissue called when its along the respiratory, urinary, reproductive track |
|
Definition
| Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic ___ are dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that come and go as pathogens invade tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are constant features of lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the ileum, lymphatic nodules for the ___ |
|
Definition
| peyer patches = GALT = Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are lymphatic nodules found at junction of small to large intestine and prevent bacteria from breaching intestinal wall |
|
Definition
| peyer patches = GALT = Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
|
|
Term
| all lymphatic tissue contains 3 things |
|
Definition
B-cells
T-cells
macrophages |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic ___ are well defined anatomical sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ separates lymphatic organs from surrounding tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
red bone marrow
lymph nodes
tonsils
thymus
spleen |
|
|
Term
| ___ is where all blood cells are formed: RBC, WBC, platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| red bone marrow is where B-cells become ___ and form antigen receptor sites and are able to recognize and respond to antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thymus gland is where T-cells become ___ and form antigen receptor sites and are able to recognize and respond to antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B- and T-cells migrate to what 3 places after they mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 systems does the thymus belong with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thymuse gland houses developing ___ and secretes ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to size of thymus as we age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the shrinking of thymus cause for elderly people |
|
Definition
| causes them to be more susceptible to disease |
|
|
Term
| thymus hormones stimulate development and action of ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thymosin
thymulin
thymopoietin |
|
|
Term
| what is the indented area where arteries and nerves enter and efferent lymphatic vessels and veins exit the lymph node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most numerous lymphatic organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 functions of lymph node |
|
Definition
cleanse lymph
site of B- and T- cell activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B-cell
T-cell
macrophage
reticular cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the center for lymphocyte proliferation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are produced and released from lymph node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ lymphatic vessels carry lymph to lymph node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ lymphatic vessels carry lymph out of the lymph node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are more ___ lymphatic vessels than ___ lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| having more vessels entering the node than exiting helps to do what to speed of lymph flowing thru |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 places that lymph nodes are esp concentrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 cells are within the node that help to remove 99% of pathogens |
|
Definition
macrophages
reticular cells |
|
|
Term
| 3 things swollen nodes indicate |
|
Definition
increased # of lymphocytes
undefeatable and multiplying bacteria/virus
trapped cancer |
|
|
Term
| patches of lymphatic tissue in pharynx that guard against inhaled and ingested pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the deep pits in the tonsils called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pharyngeal (adenoids)
palatine
lingual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lymphatic organ filters blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pulp in spleen destroys worn out RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pulp in spleen carries out the immune responses to pathogens circulating in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filter blood
destroy worn out RBC
storage of iron and blood
destroy specific pathogens |
|
|
Term
| ___ antigens are on surface of foreign cell's plasma membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ antigens trigger an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the substances to which lymphocytes respond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ antigen is the antibody generator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ antigen identifies cells as belonging to you |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ antigens are located on your cell's plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an antibody is a ___ protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies are also what 2 things |
|
Definition
gamma globulin
immunoglobulin |
|
|
Term
| antibodies are produced my what cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are antibodies specific to a specific foreign pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do antibodies only bind to their specific foreign antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what promotes the pathogen for destruction and removal from the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is any defense mechanism to prevent the entrance of pathogens and/or destruction of pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 lines of defense against disease causing agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the 3 lines of defense are nonspecific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the 3 lines of defense are specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what line of defense consists of external barriers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what line of defense consist of leukocytes, macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, immune surveillance, inflammation, fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are the 1st and 2nd lines of defense called nonspecific |
|
Definition
| bc they guard against broad range of pathogens and their effectiveness doesn't depend on prior exposure |
|
|
Term
| t/f 1st and 2nd lines of defense are present from birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 9 nonspecific resistance examples |
|
Definition
external barriers
leukocytes
macrophages
antimicrobial proteins
interferons
complement system
immune surveillance
fever
inflammation |
|
|
Term
| 3 specific resistance examples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| so if it's not a B-, T-cell or antibody then what type of resistance is it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin is a ___ barrier (not external) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why cant skin support much microbial growth |
|
Definition
too dry
too nutrient poor
sweat coats skin with protective acid mantle |
|
|
Term
| 4 tracts lined with mucus membrane |
|
Definition
digestive
respiratory
urinary
reproductive |
|
|
Term
| mucus contains what enzyme that destroys bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mucus membranes of respiratory tract helps to do what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the hair/cilia of respiratory tract do |
|
Definition
filter out microbes/dust
remove trapped microbes |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ are quick evacuation of microbes from body's GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ in the digestive tract contains lysozymes that clean the oral cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ has an acid pH that destroys pathogens in the urinary tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin and mucus membranes secrete ___ factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 things that contain lysozymes |
|
Definition
mucus
tears
perspiration
saliva |
|
|
Term
| ___ is an (antimicrobial protein) enzyme that destroys bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ produces tears that contain lysozymes; dilute and wash away microbes and dust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the oily film on skin that traps microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ of skin discourages growth of microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acidic vaginal secretion discourages ___ and ___ growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acidic gastric juice destroys ___ and ___ in stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ has a viscous consistency in areolar CT that slows down migration of microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ 2nd line of cellular defense in tissues |
|
Definition
| phagocytes = phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocyte
lymphocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ spend most of their time killing bacteria by phagocytosis or respiratory burst |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lysosomes in neutrophils discharge their enzyme into tissue fluid and catalyze reaction called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the respiratory burst form (2 things) |
|
Definition
hydrogen peroxide
hypochlorite (chlorine bleach) |
|
|
Term
| the formation of the hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite creates a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ destroys more bacteria than phagocytosis alone but the neutrophils also killed by chemicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ target parasites, allergen and others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ become concentrated at sites of allergy, inflammation and parasitic infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eosinophils kill parasites by releasing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ secrete chemicals that aid in mobility of other leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ secrete heparin and histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ dilates and makes BV leaky which increases blood flow and speed of delivery of leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is an anticoagulant that inhibits formation of blood clots that would impede movement of leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells secrete histamine and heparin (not basophils) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
natural killer cells (NK cells)
T cells
B cells |
|
|
Term
| ___ emigrate from BV and transform into macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monocytes emigrate from BV and transform into ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 examples of macrophages |
|
Definition
dendritic cells
microglia cells
alveolar macrophages
hepatic macrophages |
|
|
Term
| 2 blood borne antimicrobial proteins |
|
Definition
interferons
complement system |
|
|
Term
| leukocytes infected with viruses secrete proteins called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ bind to surface receptors of neighboring cells and induce the neighboring cells to produce dozens of antiviral proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antiviral proteins do not interfere with entry of virus but interfer with ___ inside uninfected cell (2words) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interferons are specific/nonspecific to a large number of viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ confer resistance to cancer cells by activating NK cells which destroy malignant cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a group of 30 or more globulins (beta-globulins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ = "completes the action of antibodies" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are complement proteins synthesized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do complement proteins circulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 contributions to pathogen destruction by complement proteins |
|
Definition
inflammation
immune clearance
phagocytosis by opsonization
cytolysis |
|
|
Term
| ___ stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine which attracts neutrophils and macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation stimulates mast cells and basophils to release ___ which attracts neutrophils and macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine which attracts ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in immune clearance complement proteins bind pathogenic ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
antigen-antibody complexes
RBCs |
|
|
Term
| in ___ neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria, viruses and other pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in phagocytosis, ___ and ___ phagocytize bacteria, viruses and other pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can neutrophils/macrophages phagocytize "naked" pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when complement proteins coat the microbial cells, this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after opsonization, the complement proteins serve as ___ for neutrophils and macrophages attachment to pathogen (2 words) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ means "to make tasty" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ "butters up" the pathogen to make them more appetizing for neutrophils and macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cytolysis, complement proteins form a ring called ___ (3 words) |
|
Definition
| membrane attack complex (MAC) |
|
|
Term
| in ___, complement proteins form a ring called membrane attack complex (MAC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cytolysis, ___ form a ring called membrane attack complex (MAC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement proteins are specific/nonspecific proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement proteins produced by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement proteins complement ___ to destroy any pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies are specific/nonspecific proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies are produced by ___ cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies only destroy specific pathogens in ___ fluid before the pathogen gets inside your cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immune surveillance is carried out by ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK cells are specific/nonspecific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "pit bulls" of the immune defense system |
|
Definition
| natural killer (NK cells) |
|
|
Term
| ___ patrol the body looking for pathogens or diseased host cells |
|
Definition
| natural killer cells (NK cells) |
|
|
Term
| 4 things NK cells destroy |
|
Definition
bacteria
host cells infected with viruses
cancer cells
tissue transplants |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things do NK cells secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does perforin do to the pathogens cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enter through the pores and destroy pathogen's enzymes and induce apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is abnormal elevation of body temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ means pertaining to fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 promote interferon activity
2 elevate metabolic rate and accelerate tissue repair
3 inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses by sequestering iron and zinc in the liver and spleen |
|
|
Term
| fever is initiated by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stimulates hypothalamus to raise set point for body temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypothalamus secretes ___ that enhance the effect of fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 things that inhibit prostaglandins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to fever when pathogen is defeated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fever > 105 can lead to 4 things |
|
Definition
1 delirious
2 convulsions
3 irreversible brain damage
4 death |
|
|
Term
| ___ is a local defensive response to tissue injury of any kind including trauma and infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 purposes of inflammation |
|
Definition
1 limit spread of pathogens and ultimate destruction of pathogen
2 remove debris of damaged tissue
3 to initiate repsair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where can inflammation occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is inflammation most observable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what chemical regulates inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 major processes that inflammation involves |
|
Definition
1 mobilization of the body's defenses
2 containment and destruction of pathogens
3 tissue cleanup and repair |
|
|
Term
| what is the immediate requirement for dealing with tissue injury |
|
Definition
| mobilization of body's defenses |
|
|
Term
| what is an increase in blood flow beyond normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mast cells and basophils secreting histamine |
|
|
Term
| increase blood flow increases # of ___ that get to site of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mobilization includes ___ of WBCs, antibodies, complement proteins, fibrinogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ prevents blood from clotting in the BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mobilization is the basis for the 4 cardinal signs |
|
Definition
1 heat results from hyperemia
2 redness due to hyperemia
3 swelling (edema) due to increases permeability of BV and fluid filtration
4 pain results pressure on nerves from edema, direct injury to nerves stimulation of pain receptors by prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| inflammation is a ___ response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is it necessary to prevent the pathogen from spreading throughout the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ clots tissue fluid in area of injury and walls off area of bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ prevents tissue fluid around immediate injury from clotting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are trapped in fluid pocket surrounded by a clotted wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 things that attack pathogens |
|
Definition
neutrophils
macrophages
antibodies
complement proteins |
|
|
Term
| ___ ___ ___ prevents pathogens from escaping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ begin phagocytosis and respiratory burst |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neutrophils begin ___ and ___ ___ |
|
Definition
phagocytosis
respiratory burst |
|
|
Term
| when do most of the monocytes and macrophages arrive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ phagocytize bacteria, dead neutrophils, damaged host cells, and act as APC to lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ reduces venous drainage and promotes lymphatic drainage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymphatic system can remove 3 things |
|
Definition
bacteria
dead cells
tissue debris |
|
|
Term
| ___ accumulates in tissue cavity called an abcess |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pus accumulates in tissue cavity called an ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pus may form from 4 things |
|
Definition
dead tissue cells
dead bacteria
dead neutrophils and macrophages
tissue fluid |
|
|
Term
| ___ secrete platelet-derived growth factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stimulates fibroblast and collagen synthesis |
|
Definition
| platelet-derived growth factor |
|
|
Term
| ___ delivers O2 and AAs for protein synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ increases MBR speeds mitosis and tissue repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 forms of specific immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 3rd line of defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 characteristics that distinguish specific resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ___, immunity is directed against a particular pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f immunity to one pathogen confers immunity to others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ___, body reacts so quickly there is no noticeable illness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ respond to subsequent infections of the same antigen faster and more overwhelmingly so that there is little tissue damage or symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 general aspects of specific immunity |
|
Definition
forms of immunity
antigens
lymphocytes
antigen presenting cells |
|
|
Term
| 5 similar characteristics of B and T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
1 recognize self-antigens from non-self antigens
2 dont normally harm self-antigens
3 have antigen receptor sites on cell membranes that can recognize and specifically bind to specific foreign antigens
4 B and T lymphocytes go through a period of cloning or proliferation (mitosis)
5 B and T lymphocytes produce memory cells that respond to any secondary encounter with the same pathogen more rapidly and vigorously |
|
|
Term
| immunity that is carried out by T cells which directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells |
|
Definition
| cellular immunity (cell-mediated) |
|
|
Term
| ___ cells destroy pathogens residing in host cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells kill infected host cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells also act against parasitic worms, cancer cells, transplanted tissues or organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity that is carried out by B cells |
|
Definition
| humoral immunity (antibody-mediated) |
|
|
Term
| humoral immunity is carried out by ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cellular immunity is carried out by ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells clone -> convert into plasma cells -> plasma cells produce antibodies -> antibodies attack pathogens in extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells clone -> convert into ___ cells -> plasma cells produce antibodies -> antibodies attack pathogens in extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells clone -> convert into plasma cells -> plasma cells produce ___ -> antibodies attack pathogens in extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells clone -> convert into plasma cells -> plasma cells produce antibodies -> antibodies attack pathogens in ___ fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f antibodies do not destroy the pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies do what to pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 ways antibodies "tag" pathogens |
|
Definition
neutralization
complement fixation
agglutination
precipitation |
|
|
Term
| 3 things antibodies effective against |
|
Definition
1 extracellular viruses, bacteria, yeast, protozoa
2 extracellular toxins, venoms, allergens
3 in mismatched blood transfusions, destroys foreign erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| immunity that only works against extracellular stages before the pathogens enter body cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity that destroys pathogens in intracellular stages by killing your cells that host the pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f humoral and cellular immunity attack the same pathogen at different stages of the life cycle of the pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity that makes its own antibodies or Tc cells against the pathogen and produces memory cells (Bm and Tm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity that acquires antibodies or Tc cell produced from another person or an animal that has developed them through immunity to the pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does passive immunity produce memory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 ways active/passive immunity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity where you experience a primary immune response, you get the disease and symptoms; produce memory cells for long term immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity where body produces one's own antibodies and cytotoxic Tc-celss due to vaccine |
|
Definition
| artificial active immunity |
|
|
Term
| vaccines can be ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
dead
attenuated (weakened) |
|
|
Term
| immunity where there will be cloning of T cells, production of Tm memory cells and cytotoxic Tc cells, cloning of B cells, production of Bm memory cells and plasma cells that produce antibodies |
|
Definition
| artificial active immunity |
|
|
Term
| do vaccines cause an immune response |
|
Definition
| yes with little to no effects |
|
|
Term
| 4 classes of immunity are under this scheme of active/passive immunity |
|
Definition
natural active
artificial active
natural passive
artificial passive |
|
|
Term
| immunity where one produces own antibodies or T cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity where one produces one's own antibodies and T cells as a result of vaccine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity where one acquires antibodies thru placenta from mom or mom's breast milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunity where one acquires antibodies thru injection of immune serum from another individual or animal that has been exposed to the pathogen and produced antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 immunities do not produce memory cells |
|
Definition
natural passive
artificial passive |
|
|
Term
| what 2 immunities produce memory cells |
|
Definition
natural active
artificial active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary immune response
secondary immune response |
|
|
Term
| immune response that occurs when virgin B and T cells respond to specific antigen for the 1st time; delay in development of antibodies and Tc cells; symptoms develop; memory cells produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immune response that occurs when a specific antigen is encountered a 2nd time; memory B and T cells produce antibodies and Tc cells; response rapid; no symptoms of disease |
|
Definition
| secondary immune response |
|
|
Term
| t/f each time exposed, more memory cells are produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any molecule that triggers immune response |
|
|
Term
| example of free molecule antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some antigens are components of ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
cell membranes
bacterial cell walls |
|
|
Term
| region of antigen that stimulates an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules too small to be antigentic |
|
|
Term
| 1st exposure, ___ binds to a host's macromolecule and create a complex that is recognized by the body as foreign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd and subsequent exposures, ___ alone may stimulate an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f many people are allergic to haptans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 places haptans can be found |
|
Definition
cosmetics
detergents
industrial chemicals
poison ivy
animal dander |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ complex binds to mast cell/basophils and triggers massive release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals which may cause anaphylactic shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "born" in red bone marrow from stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "train" in thymus gland and become mature becoming immunocompetent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when T cells become immunocompetent, the develop ___ |
|
Definition
| surface antigen receptors |
|
|
Term
| once T cells develop surface antigen receptors, they are able to ___ |
|
Definition
| recognize foreign antigens presented to them by APC |
|
|
Term
| ___ have not encountered a foreign antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do naive T cells colonize |
|
Definition
lymphatic tissue
other organs
circulate in plasma fluid/interstitial |
|
|
Term
| after a naive T cell is exposed, its called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells are produced in red bone marrow from stem cells and mature in bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells mature in bone marrow to become ___ B cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do B cells become immunocompetent |
|
Definition
| when B cells develop surface antigen receptors and B cells are capable of recognizing foreign antigen |
|
|
Term
| naive B cells have/have not encountered a foreign antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymph nodes
spleen
bone marrow
mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| what are naive B cells called after they are exposed to specific pathogen's antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells can/cannot recognize their specific antigen on their own |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen-presenting cells (APCs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macrophage
dendritic cell
B cell |
|
|
Term
| APCs funtion relies on a family of genes on chromosome 6 that codes for ___ proteins |
|
Definition
| MHC or major histocompatibility complex protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are MHCP specialized for |
|
Definition
| displaying foreign antigens |
|
|
Term
| ___ are important in organ transplants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ act as "ID" tags and labels every cell as belonging to you |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ alert the immune system to the presence of foreign antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes and APCs communicate with each other with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cytokines with specific names called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stimulate cloning of B/T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are chemical signals sent from one leukocyte to another leukocyte or leukocyte derivative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is specific defense carried out by T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cellular immunity is specific defense carried out by ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ prevents pathogen from causing disease in future |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytotoxic T = Tc
helper T = TH
regulatory T = Tr, T-reg
memory T = Tm |
|
|
Term
| ___ cells are the "effectors" of cellular immunity that "effect" the pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells promote cloning of T and B cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells seem to be important in preventing autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells limit immune response of T and B cell activity after pathogen defeated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells descended from naive Tc cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells provide immunity from future exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of cellular and humoral immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stage of cellular immunity that requires antigen presentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Tc and Th encounter APC, Tc and Th initiate ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ proteins occur on all nucleated body cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ proteins are constantly being produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| while being transported, MHC-I will pick up ___ proteins on the way |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if there are ___ proteins on MHC-I, Tc cells react |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ proteins are like "tag" on the host cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ proteins only occur on APCs (macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ proteins are aka human leukocyte antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ proteins display their foreign antigens to Th cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of MHC-I |
|
Definition
all nucleated cells
id your cells as belonging to you
presents to cytotoxic T |
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of MHC-II |
|
Definition
human leukocyte antigens
located on APC
presents to helper T |
|
|
Term
| immune response begins when Tc and Th cells bind to MHCP but before either can respond, they must bind to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immune response begins when Tc and Th cells bind to MHCP but before either can respond, they must bind to 2nd APC and this is known as ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ prevents the immune system from launching an attack in the absence of an enemy and helps to prevent autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ activates cloning which produces Tc, Th, Tm cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells coordinate both humoral and cellular immunity by accelerating cloning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells secrete interleukins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| helper T cells secrete interleukins that exert 3 effects |
|
Definition
attracts neutrophils and NK cells
attracts macrophages
stimulates cloning of T/B cells |
|
|
Term
| without ___ cells, there is no immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| without helper T cells, there is no __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what destroys helper T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells are the only T cell that directly attack and kill other cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do cytotoxic T cells directly kill other cells? |
|
Definition
| recognize MHC-I marker on diseased host and bind to infected cell; secrete chemicals that destroy the infected cell then unbind and moves to next diseased cell |
|
|
Term
| 3 cytotoxic cell secretions |
|
Definition
1 perforins and granzymes destroy target cell same as NK cell
2 interferons inhibit viral replication and recruit and activates macrophages
3 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which aids in macrophage activation and kills cancer cells |
|
|
Term
| ___ spread to uninfected cells and protects them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is destruction of tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do memory T cells take part in the primary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do memory T cells take part in the secondary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which immune response is more vigorous and quicker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in secondary immune response, you start with large number of ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is when it takes fewer steps to activate memory T cells and the response time is less for memory T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells are not well understood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells slow down immune reaction to prevent autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all secondary responses are carried out by ___ cells or ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| humoral immunity involves ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells carry out an indirect method of defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells produce plasma cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells produce plasma cells that produce ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ attack specific antigens (3 names) |
|
Definition
antibodies
gamma globulins
immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| where does humoral immunity take place |
|
Definition
| extracellular fluid before enters cell |
|
|
Term
| in recognition, ___ cells recognize, bind to and engulf pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells process the antigen and display the antigen's ___ on its MHC-II proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells can bind to MHC-II proteins with antigens epitopes and secrete interleukins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretion of interleukins stimulates cloning of ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st time the B cell is exposed to its pathogen, plasma cells produce ___ and later produce ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| subsequent exposures, plasma cells produce tremendous amounts of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by checking ___, one can determine if its a primary or secondary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 places antibodies circulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ binds to foreign antigens and set them up for destruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells dont respond to 1st exposure to antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells do not take part in primary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells remain in reserve for the next exposure to the exact same antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cells carry out the 2nd immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ 1st antibody secrete in primary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ found in blood as anti-A,-B antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ found in secretions of tears, mucous, saliva, milk, sweat, intestinal secretions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is defense against pathogens on body surface, ingested, or inhaled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ provides passive immunity to newborn in breast milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ 80% of circulating antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ predominate antibody secreted in 2nd immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ passes across placenta to fetus and confers temporary immunity to newborn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ attaches to the plasma membrane of basophils and mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when antigen binds to ___ on basophils and mast cells, they release histamine that increases inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| action of ___ does not directly kill pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ physically hinder antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ bind to antigen so the antigen cannot attach to cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 mechanisms to render antigens harmless |
|
Definition
neutralization
complement fixation
agglutination
precipitation |
|
|
Term
| ___ only certain regions of antigen is pathogenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ bind to pathogenic regions of the antigen and prevent pathogen from binding to your cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ IgM and IgG bind to pathogen and expose antibody's complement binding site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement proteins bind to complement binding site which results in ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation
phagocytosis
cytolysis
oposonization |
|
|
Term
| ___ is important in immobilizing bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ binds together 2 or more pathogens to immobilize them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ facilitates phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages and prevents pathogens from spreading thru tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ the antibody-antigen complexes become so large that is precipitates out of solution and eosinophils then phagocytize the pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ attacks helper T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
