Term
| What are we made of, Chemically? Reduce the body to elements |
|
Definition
Oxygen- 65%
Carbon- 18.5%
Hydrogen 9.5%
Nitrogen 3.3%
Calcium 1%
Phosphorous-.4%
Sulfur .3%
Sodium .2%
Chlorine .2%
Mg .1%
Traces of B, Cr, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, V, Zn |
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|
Term
| What is the Atomic # v. Atomic Mass? |
|
Definition
| The atomic mass is the weight of the atom as a whole, the atomic number is the number of protons in th atom |
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|
Term
| List off the characteristics of electron shells and orbitals ( e.g. how many electrons fit in each) |
|
Definition
2 in first shell, 8 in second shell
2 in 1s orbital, 2 in 2s, 6 in 2p, ... |
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|
Term
| What kind of bond does H20 Have? |
|
Definition
| A mix between ionic and covalent - the electron of the Hydrogen gets shared spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between concentration and amount? |
|
Definition
| Concentration is the amount of molecules in a select volume and amount is just the volume |
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|
Term
|
Definition
10^-10m (or .1 nm)
Roughly the size of an H atom |
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|
Term
| What size is a nm (nanometer) |
|
Definition
10^-9m ( a millionth of a meter)
The size of scarce molecules
Typical unit for microbio |
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|
Term
| What size is a um? (micrometer) |
|
Definition
10^-6
Roughly the size of organelle |
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|
Term
ATP + H20 <--> ADP + Pi
Explain |
|
Definition
| This is a hydrolysis equilibrium. The reactants produce somewhere near 500,000 products, but when the products reach that number it will start to produce reactants |
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|
Term
| When does an atom have potential energy? |
|
Definition
| When it has an excited electrom |
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|
Term
| What is an atom's kinetic energy? |
|
Definition
| An atom's kinetic energy is proportional to its degree of motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The change in free energy for a reaction |
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|
Term
| What does ΔH stand for? (in chemical reaction probability) |
|
Definition
| The change in the potential energy (Normally in the form of heat) in chemical bonds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Absolute temperature
(higher temp= more kinetic energy) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The entropy, the amount of disorder in the molecules |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? |
|
Definition
Oxidation describes the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion.
Reduction describes the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion. |
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|
Term
| What is the structure of Amino functional group? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of Sulfhydryl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a buffer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Oparin and Halden (1920s) Hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| That H2CO+ HCN -> Early Earth amino acids, sugars, polymers, proteins and DNA |
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|
Term
| Who performed the main abiogenisis experiment and when? |
|
Definition
| Stanley Miller in 1953 with his 'spark discharge apparatus' produced the living building blocks |
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|
Term
| How many molecules are needed to form a living organism? |
|
Definition
| Roughly 10,000 different kinds of molecules |
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|
Term
| What is the monomer of Carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the polymer of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the monomers for Proteins? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the polymers for proteins? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the function of proteins? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the monomers of Nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the polymers of Nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function fo Nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| Information, protein synthesis |
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|
Term
| What are the monomers of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the polymers of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CO2 plus water (sugars and their polymers) |
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|
Term
| What is the structure of Ribose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of reaction binds sugars (carbohydrates) together? |
|
Definition
| A Condensation reaction, where H20 is removed |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 carbon sugars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 carbon carbohydates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of saccharide is sucrose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of reaction depolymerizes polymers in the cell? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolisis reactions ( adding H20) |
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|
Term
| What are some polymers of Carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen |
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|
Term
| What does Chirality mean? |
|
Definition
| An object or a system is chiral if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image. An example is your hands |
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|
Term
| What gives proteins their variation in chemical properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different R groups are found in proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical property does a polar side chain have? |
|
Definition
| Polar chains bind H20 and have a charge or partial charge |
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|
Term
| What chemical property do non-polar R groups have? |
|
Definition
| They don't bind H20 and maintain a neutral charge |
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|
Term
| Are acidic and basic R groups for proteins polar or non polar? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Is a sulfhydryl (thiol) R group polar or non polar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What atoms are indicitive of a polar R group? |
|
Definition
| If the R group has a N or O atom, the group is most likely polar |
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|
Term
| What molecule is indicitive of a non polar R group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of amino acids are involved with Chirality? |
|
Definition
| L- amino acids and D- amino acids |
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|
Term
| What kind of amino acid would bond with a D sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are typically in a peptide chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What consists of the primary structure of proteins? |
|
Definition
| The sequence of amino acids |
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|
Term
| What consists of the secondary structure of amino acids? |
|
Definition
| A structure which shows the regions of regular folding (alpha helix and beta sheet) |
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|
Term
| What causes the folding of alpha helices and beta sheets? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonds between certain alignments of residues |
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|
Term
| What consists of the tertiary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
| The 3d location of all the atoms on the protein |
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|
Term
| What consists of the quaternary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
| The position of polypeptides in proteins with more than one polypeptide |
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|
Term
| What kinds of bonds determine the structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
H-Bonds
Disulfide bonds between cysteines
Ionic bonds between charged side chains
Hydrophobic interactions |
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|
Term
| Disulfide bonds occur between what nucleotides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Water plays a key role in peptide bonds |
|
Definition
True:
Water binds many parts of the peptide bond |
|
|
Term
| What does a nucleotide consist of? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate |
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|
Term
| What are the two different kinds of Nitrogenous bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different kinds of Purines? |
|
Definition
Adenine and Guanine
(A and G) |
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|
Term
| What are the different kinds of Pyrimidines? |
|
Definition
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
(C, T, U) |
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|
Term
| What kind of molecule is RNA and which nucleotides does it consist of? |
|
Definition
| RNA is a ribose sugar and it uses A G C and U |
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|
Term
| What kind of molecule is DNA and what nucleotides does it consist of? |
|
Definition
| Deoxyribose (2'C) and it uses A G C T |
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|
Term
| Which nucleotides form 3 Hydrogen bonds? |
|
Definition
G and C
(Guanine and Cytosine) |
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|
Term
| Who was the woman mostly responsible for finding the double helix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the secondary structure of ribosomal RNA look like? |
|
Definition
| a precisly folded structure |
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|
Term
| What are the kinds of RNA secondary structures? |
|
Definition
| folded back upon themselves, and stem and loop |
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|
Term
True or False:
Lipids are defined by structure |
|
Definition
False:
Lipids are defined by chemical properties- not structure |
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|
Term
True or False:
A common feature on lipids is a hydrocarbon chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Lipids are polar |
|
Definition
False:
Lipids are non-polar and don't really bind to water |
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|
Term
| What are the three most common lipids? |
|
Definition
Phospholipids
Fats
Sterols |
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|
Term
| What does the structure of a phospholipid consist of? |
|
Definition
| 2 Fatty acids+ glycerol + phosphate and a small polar molecule |
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|
Term
| What consists of the structure of a fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
A fatty acid can only be unsaturated |
|
Definition
False:
A fatty acid can be saturated or unsaturated |
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|
Term
True or false:
Saturated fats have a double bond |
|
Definition
False:
Unsaturated fats have double bonds- this keeps the molecule 'kinked' which geometrically keeps the molecule from stacking as close together as saturated fats |
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|
Term
| What is a trans-fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| A trans- fat is a geometric isomer with unsaturated fatty acid, but with opposite hydrogens. IE unsaturated and trans fats are the cis and trans version of the same molecule |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of a sterol? |
|
Definition
| four fused rings + hydrocarbon tail |
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|
Term
| Do sterols bind to water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do phospholipids bind to water? |
|
Definition
| Yes, but only on the polar ends |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Sterols' non-polar parts are larger than phospholipid's non- polar parts |
|
Definition
False:
They are relatively the same |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Sterols and Phospholipids are amphipathic (contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two structures of phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecules are unable to easily cross lipid bilayers? |
|
Definition
Charged or polar molecules
(E.g. Na+, K+, Cl-, ATP, glucose, most proteins) |
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|
Term
| What is the function of bilayers? |
|
Definition
| Bilayers seal the compartment, keeping most water-soluble molecules out or in |
|
|
Term
| What polar molecule can cross lipid bilayers easily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Diffusion is the Osmosis of water |
|
Definition
False:
Osmosis is the diffusion of water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what way does diffusion flow? |
|
Definition
| From high concentration to low concentration |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of osmotic solutions? |
|
Definition
Hypertonic - high salts
Hypotonic - low salts
isotonic - neutral concentration (same in solution) |
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|
Term
True or False:
Relatively, membranes tend to be thick |
|
Definition
False:
Membranes are incredibly thin- barely visible on an electron microscope |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of membranes? |
|
Definition
40% phospholipids and sterols
55% proteins
5% carbohydrates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do proteins interact with the lipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| Proteins float like boats- hydrophobic side chains bind to hydrophobic parts of lipids |
|
|
Term
| What is required for a protein to be a 'integral membrane protein'? |
|
Definition
| 20 or more hydrophobic amino acids. These can fold to cross the lipid bilayer, spanning the membrane domain |
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|
Term
| What is the major function of membranes? |
|
Definition
| To keep all the molecules dissolved in the fluid with the cells from leaking out, and protection from harmful molecules getting in- this is performed by lipids. |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of transport proteins in membranes? |
|
Definition
| Pumps, carriers, and channels |
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|
Term
| What is the function of a pump? |
|
Definition
| Moves molecules one (or a few) at a time, using ATP it's able to transport against a gradient |
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|
Term
| What is the function of a carrier? (Ex/ GLUT-1 glucose transpoerter) |
|
Definition
| Moves molecules one or a few at a time with no direct energy input. (Driven by diffusion) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of channels? |
|
Definition
| Like a gated pore: 1000's of molecules move with one opening. No direct energy input (driven by diffusion) |
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|
Term
| What is generated by membrane protiens for nutrient uptake, sensing, and nerve function? |
|
Definition
| An electrochemical gradient |
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|
Term
| What can a electrochemical gradient tell you about a cell? |
|
Definition
| Whether or not the cell is alive |
|
|
Term
| What are three physical characteristics of bacteria and archaea? |
|
Definition
| Cell membrane, nucleoid, and ribosomes |
|
|
Term
What is the size range of bacteria and archaea?
|
|
Definition
| 1-2 um (barely visible in a light microscope) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main physical characteristic of Eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general size of Eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Plant cells contain centrioles |
|
Definition
False:
Only animal cells contain centrioles |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Vacuoles in plant and animal cells are similar |
|
Definition
False:
Plant cell vacuoles are much larger than in animal cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Endomembrane system? |
|
Definition
| The core of the cell's machinery for making protein and membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is (usually) the largest organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
| Two complete membranes with a space in the middle |
|
|
Term
| How would you see DNA during a nuclear division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you see DNA while the nucleus is not dividing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What site are Ribosomes made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do ribosomes leave the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What function do ribosomes perform? |
|
Definition
| Ribosomes create protiens using information in the RNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the Endoplamic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| An interconnected network of tubes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Endoplamic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| Biosynthesis of membrane proteins, lipids, secreted proteins, and detoxification |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes in ER membrane make ______ which then incorporate into the ER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| It's the shipping department of the cell. It make modifications then puts a final address on proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| A small group of membrane compartments organized like a stacck of pancakes with bulbs on the edges. |
|
|
Term
| Vesicles carry ______ from one organelle to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell are complex carbohydrates assembled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a Lysosome? |
|
Definition
| A lysosome is the 'stomach' or 'recycling center' of the cell. It degrades proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleotides using hydrolysis reactions |
|
|
Term
| What generates the electrochemical gradient across the endomembrane system? |
|
Definition
Vacuolar ATPase
(the one Bowman discovered) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are part of the endomembrane system |
|
Definition
| False, though abundant they are not part of the endomembrane system |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Peroxisomes and Mitochondria are made via the Golgi apparatus |
|
Definition
False:
These organelles are made independantly |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a peroxisome? |
|
Definition
| Special degradative reactions- Can generate and use H202 |
|
|
Term
| What are Microtubules made of and what size are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of microtubules? |
|
Definition
| rigid tubes within the cells |
|
|
Term
| What are microfilaments made of, and what size are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
I'm a rope or cable holding parts together, I'm important in some types of cell movement, I play a major role in muscle contraction and cell division.
What am I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
I'm relatively fixed, and provide cell shape and anchor some organelles.
What am I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of Intermediate filaments, and what size are they? |
|
Definition
| Keratin, 10 nm (Intermediate in size) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Molecular motors interact with the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of motors that move along microtubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three structural parts to a molecular motor?
What are their functions? |
|
Definition
Head- walks along microtubules, uses ATP
stalk- Connects to cargo
Tail- binds to cargo (e.g. vesicle) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Dynein and Kinesin? |
|
Definition
Dynein walks towards (-) end of the microtubule
Kinesin walks toward (+) end of the microtubule |
|
|
Term
| What motor protein moves on microfilaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is active transport? |
|
Definition
| moving something across a membrane- only pumps |
|
|
Term
| What is passive transport? |
|
Definition
| Passive transport is when something is passing through a membrane powered by nothing but diffusion |
|
|
Term
| What kind of active transport utilizes the electrochemical gradient? |
|
Definition
| Secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary structure of Nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| A sequence of nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary structure of proteins? |
|
Definition
| a sequence of amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
