Term
1. Cytoplasm
2. Cytoplasmic Membrane
3. Nucleus or nucleid
1. Eukaryotic has nucleus
prokaryote has nucleoid
4. ribosomes- site of protein synthesis in eukaryotes and is also found in prokaryotes
5. Cell Wall - found in plants & most prokaryotes; not in animals |
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Definition
| What are the basic cellular structures? |
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Term
| Algae (chlorophyll), fungi, protozoa, plants, animals |
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Definition
| What are some Eukaryotes? |
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Term
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Definition
• Simpler internal structure
• lack membrane bound organelles
• has 2 domains: Bacteria & Archaea |
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Definition
• larger & more complex
• __membrane enclosed organelles__ (nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, etc) |
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Definition
| • Reproduce only inside a host cell |
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Term
| HIV virus, Rhinoviruses (colds) |
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Definition
| What are some examples of viruses? |
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Term
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Definition
| The virus Rhabdovirus causes what? |
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Term
•Cytoplasm surrounded by envelope
o Cytoplasm contains DNA in nucleoid
• Envelope has lipid membrane boundary
oPlus structural cell wall |
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Definition
| What does the bacterial cell consist of? |
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Term
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Definition
| "fluid” selective permeability barrier made of phospholipids & proteins that form a bilayer with hydrophilic exteriors & a hydrophobic interior |
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Term
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Definition
| The Cytoplasmic membrane is also known as what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Each layer of the CM is called what? |
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Term
1. Hydrophilic heads
2. Hydrophobic tails |
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Definition
| 1. group faces cytoplasm or periplasm 2. fatty acids line up inside membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| ester-linkage links glycerol to fatty acid to form what? |
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Term
| very small UNcharged particles |
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Definition
| What can easily cross through the selectively permeable CM |
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Term
| integral membrane protein |
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Definition
| spans the width of the CM |
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Term
| peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| These are bound to the surfaces of the CM |
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Definition
| Prevents leakage of cytoplasmic metabolites into environment |
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Term
Permeability barrier
structural support
Energy conservation |
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Definition
| The CM functions as what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does respiration occur in prokaryotes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does respiration occurr in eukaryotes? |
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Term
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Definition
| where do photosynthetic prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| what do eukaryotes have in order to carry out photosynthesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What do eukaryotes use in order to reinforce membranes? |
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Term
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Definition
| What do bacteria have in order to reinforce their membranes? |
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Term
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Definition
| What do Archae have in order to reinforce their membranes in high temp and low pH? |
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Term
| Peptidoglycan (a porous cage-like structure) |
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Definition
| What is the bacteria cell wall (sacculus) composed of? |
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Term
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Definition
sugar chains wrapped in circles around cell
• “glyco” = “sweet”
Sugar chains linked to each other by short polymers of amino acids
• amino acid = “peptide” |
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Term
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmurmaic acid (NAM) |
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Definition
| What two sugars make up the backbone of Peptidoglycan? |
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Term
| Crosslinks (short chains of acids) |
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Definition
| Chains of Peptidoglycan are held together by _________ between N-acetylmuramic acids (NAMs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Crosslinks differ among species. T/F? |
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Term
| meso-diaminopimelate (mDAP) |
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Definition
| Gram negative bacteria have unusual amino acid __________ in crosslink |
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Term
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Definition
| If you see mDAP then you know the bacteria is what? |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins can give a cell its shape. T/F? |
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Term
| provides rigidity and shape to cell and prevents it from exploding due to high pressure inside cell. |
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Definition
| What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? |
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Term
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Definition
how peptidoglycan can be used as an antibiotice:
Penicillin inhibites what that crosslinks the peptide bonds in peptidoglycan? |
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Term
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Definition
Sometimes strains of illnesses become resistant to certain antibiotics:
Many organisms produce __________ which cleaves the lactam ring of penicillin, inactivating the penicillin |
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Term
| It is made up of polysaccharides and it lacks peptidoglycan |
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Definition
| What are Archae's cell walls made of? |
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Term
| True. It is a "false" peptidoglycan |
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Definition
| Some Archae's cell walls consist of a pseudopeptidoglycan. T/F? |
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Term
| Gram negative bacteria has a small amount of layers of peptidoglycan and Gram Positive bacteria has very many layers of peptido glycan (UP TO 40!) |
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Definition
| What is the main difference between gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is reinforced by negatively charged Techoic Acids? |
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Term
The crosslinks within peptidoglycan often have L-lysine instead of
Meso-DiAminoPimelate(mDAP) |
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Definition
| How are the crosslinks in Gram Positive Bacteria different from other bacteria? |
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Term
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Definition
- Enzyme thats common in many bodily
fluids. Destroys beta-1-4 linkage.
- Destroys peptidoglycan, leading to
cell lysis |
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Term
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Definition
| found in animal secretions & thought to be a major line of defense against infection of bacteria |
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Term
Outer - Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)
Inner - Phospholipid layer |
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Definition
| What is the outer and inner layers made of in the lipid bilayer of the outer membrane of Gram Negative Bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins allow for permeability through the outer membrane by creating channels that cross the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| In Gram Negative Bacter these are water-filled channels through which small substances can pass. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Gram Negative Bacteria these are channels with binding sites for certain molecules that only allow those molecules to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
| In Gram Negative bacteria, This is the area between the outer and cytoplasmic membranes |
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Term
| hydrolytic enzymes & Nutrient transporter binding proteins |
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Definition
| In Gram Negative Bacteria the Periplasm contains proteins such as ________ & __________ |
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Term
- Polysaccharide capsule
- S layer made of protein
- Thick cell wall with techoic acids
and held together by AA crosslinks
in peptidoglycan
- A thin periplasm
- cytoplasmic membrane |
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Definition
| The Gram Positive envelope consists of what? |
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Term
- Polysaccharide capsule
- Lipopolysaccharide Outer Membrane
- Thin Cell Wall
- Thick Periplasm
- Cytoplasmic membrane |
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Definition
| The Gram Negative envelope consists of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell's complete set of genes. Bacterial cells may have chromosome and plasmid |
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Definition
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Definition
| These have a single circular chromosome & sometimes circular extrachromosomal DNA (Plasmids) |
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Definition
| These have several linear chromosomes |
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Definition
| membrane-enclosed structure that contains the chromosomes – found in eukaryotes |
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Definition
| mass of DNA not bound by a membrane- found in prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
o Single loop of double-stranded DNA
~4x106 bp (base pairs) in many bacteria
Compacted via supercoiling
- Attached to cell envelope
- No membrane separates DNA from cytoplasm
- Replicates_ once for each cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth of most microorganisms occurs by |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth of most microorganisms occurs by |
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Definition
| division apparatus in the cell formed by Fts proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| required for cell division & chromosome replication |
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Term
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Definition
o Defines (determines) the division plane in prokaryotes
o Polymerizes to form a ring where cell division will occur |
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Definition
o ATP – hydrolyzing enzyme
o Provides Energy for assembly of other proteins to the ring |
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Term
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Definition
o involved in peptidoglycan synthesis for the new cell wall
o activity is blocked by penicillin |
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Term
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Definition
o helps define cell shape(not just the peptidoglycan that determines shape)
o forms filamentous spiral shaped bands aroud the inside of the cell under the cytoplasmic membrane (CM)
o defines cell shape by directionally exerting pressure against CM (cytoplasmic membrane)
o _Coccus__ shaped bacteria lack MreB gene
Coccus is the default shape
o default bacterial shape- Sphere |
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Term
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Definition
| create opening in existing cell wall to make space for new cell wall glycans to be inserted |
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Term
| Autolysis (spontaneous cell lysis) |
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Definition
| may occur if there is an error in inserting new cell wall material |
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Term
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Definition
During peptidoglycan synthesis:
helps transport these new glycan units through Cell membrane to become part of growing cell wall |
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Term
| Hydrophobic lipid alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binds the N-acetylglucosamine / N-acetylmuramic acid / pentapeptide peptidoglycan precursors |
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Term
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Definition
• formation of peptide cross links between NAMs
• bonds peptidoglycan precursors into expanding peptidoglycan layer
• reaction is inhibited by penicillin (cell lysis occurs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Densely compacted material in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular particles of magnetite (Fe3O4); allow organisms to respond to a magnetic field |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria stores these as carbon & energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria stores this as inorganic phosphates to make cellular structure |
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Definition
| Excess nutrients are stored as this and later if they don’t have enough carbon and energy then they convert this into carbon & energy source |
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Definition
| stored in cytoplasm or periplasm and can use this as an energy source. |
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Term
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Definition
Non-motile extensions that help bacteria attach to surfaces and to other bacteria
(Neisseria, biofilms) |
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Term
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Definition
| has fimbriae that help attach to teeth |
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Term
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Definition
-Hollow, non-motile tubes made of protein called pilin that connect some cells.
-Longer than fimbriae, shorter than flagella; may have 1-10 per cell |
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Term
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Definition
- Used to move DNA from 1 cell to
another by conjugation
- It reaches out and connects to
another cell, then becomes shorter
and brings 2 cells together |
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Term
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Definition
| Shorter than flagella and cell's have 100's per cell |
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Term
| capsule/slime layer/ glycocalyx |
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Definition
• Sticky polysaccharide or polypeptide
layer surrounding cell
• Protects cell from:
o Phagocytosis
o Desiccation (drying out) |
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Term
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Definition
| What drives the rotation of flagella? |
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Term
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Definition
| Flagella can turn either clockwise or counterclockwise. Which way it turns determines the way which the cell moves. T/F? |
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Term
1. Monotrichous
2. Lophotrichous
3. Peritrichous
4. Amphitrichous |
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Definition
1. single flagellum at 1 end
2. several flagella at 1 or both ends
3. several flagella all around cell
4. one on each end |
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Term
1. Basal body
2. Hook – connects to filament
3. Filament |
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Definition
| What are the three parts of a flagella? |
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Term
C ring
MS ring
P ring
L ring |
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Definition
In Basal Body of Flagella:
in G+ & G-
in G+ & G-
in G- only
in G- only |
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Term
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Definition
In Basal Body of Flagella:
• Imbedded within cell envelope
• Made of 2 or 4 protein rings connected by a central rod |
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Term
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Definition
In Basal Body of Flagella:
- In cytoplasm. Attached to inner surface of cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
In Basal Body of Flagella:
In cytoplasm membrane. End of central rod is attached to MS ring. |
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Term
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Definition
In Basal Body of Flagella:
In peptidoglycan layer |
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Term
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Definition
In Basal Body of Flagella:
In LPS layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Curved structure made of protein; connects filament to basal body |
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Term
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Definition
| • Long, rigid, helical structures made of protein called flagellin |
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Term
| filamentous cyanobacteria, Myxococcus, Cytophaga & Flavobacterium |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes such as _________ move by gliding motility instead of flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| Gliding can occur from ________ that moves cell along solid surfaces |
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Term
| chemical & physical gradient |
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Definition
| Motile bacteria can respond to _______________ in environment by moving toward or away from the signal molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
o directed movement of organisms in response to chemical signals.
o directed movement of organisms in response to light. |
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Definition
| Phototrophic bacterium rhodospirillum moves toward light. T/F? |
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Definition
odirected movement of organisms in response to oxygen.
directed movement of organisms in response to ionic strength (salt). |
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Term
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Definition
- cause counterclockwise rotation
o Flagella bundle together and all
spin together
o Push cell forwards
• “Run” |
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Term
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Definition
- cause clockwise rotation
o Flagella fly apart
• “Tumble” = change of direction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- detect attractant concentrations
• Examples of attractants are sugars and amino acids |
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Term
• ELECTRON FLOW, to drive all life
processes
• Drives ions into, out of
cells
• Ion flow is Used to create
ATP
• ENERGY, to move electrons
• MATERIALS to make cell parts
• Macro-Nutrients – CHONPS
(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, …
•organisms absolutely need a lot
of these to survive |
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Definition
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Term
| Lithotrophs and Organotrophs |
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Definition
| What are two sources of electrons that contribute to electron flow? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are Inorganic molecule that donates elctrons? ex.? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are Organic molecules that act as electron donors? Ex.? |
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Term
Nitrogen and Oxygen
Respiration |
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Definition
What are examples of ultimate Inorganic electron acceptors?
If these Inorganic acceptors are being used then the molecule is growing by _____________ |
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Term
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Definition
What is the most common ultimate Organic electron acceptor?
If this is being used then the molecule is growing by __________________ |
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Term
| Phototrophs and Chemotrophs |
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Definition
| Sources of enery for microbes? |
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Term
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Definition
• Light energy excites electrons
• Excited molecules are electron donors |
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Term
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Definition
• Chemicals are electron donors
• oxidation of chemical
o Oxidation = donation of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
• Major elements in cell
macromolecules needed in large amounts
o C, H, O, N, P, S
• Ions necessary for protein function
o Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, K+ |
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Term
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Definition
Macro-Nutrients:
Ions necessary for protein function? |
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Term
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Definition
| Major elements in cell macromolecules needed in large amounts |
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Term
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Definition
•Needed in very small amounts
•Trace elements (Co, Cu, Zn, etc)
•Growth factors (organic compounds) necessary for enzyme function |
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Term
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Definition
| large amount needed by cells to form organic compounds (amino acids (proteins), fatty acids, sugars, & nitrogenase bases) to carry out cellular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes that can make all cellular structures from CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| must obtain carbon from organic compounds (most prokaryotes) |
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Term
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Definition
| What percent of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas? |
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Term
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Definition
| Most prokaryotes obtain nitrogen from compounds such as |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from oxidation (removing electrons) of organic compounds |
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Term
Chemolithotrophs
There is less competition |
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Definition
Energy from oxidation of Inorganic compounds. Only in Prokaryotes.
Why is this an advantage? |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon sources:
Carbon source is Organic Carbon compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon source is carbon dioxide |
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Term
Photoautotroph
"Photo"autotroph" |
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Definition
| What obtains energy from light and carbon from CO2? |
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Term
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Definition
• Some substances pass freely through membranes
O2, CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
- Protein transporters pass material
into/out of cell
- follows gradient |
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Term
ATP binding cassette(ABC)Transporters
Symport and Anitport
Phosphotransferase (PTS) system (type of group translocation) |
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Definition
| Examples of Active Transport |
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Term
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Definition
| type of transport when materials are passed against the gradient |
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Term
ATP binding cassette transporters
(ABC transporters) |
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Definition
- Use ATP to pass material into cell
- Efflux ___ transporters can pump
antibiotics out of cell |
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Term
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Definition
- The gradient of one molecule
transports another
- K ion or Na ion helps sometimes and
must determine the charge. |
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