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| Synonym for transverse plane |
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| the cranial and caudal section |
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| the Dorsal and ventral section |
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| Divides the left and right |
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| Regular arrangments arouns a central axis |
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| Only possible mirror image occurs with a midsagittal |
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| closer to the main axis of the body/reference point. |
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| further away from the main axis/reference point |
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| What are the developmental features in organisms from phylum chordata |
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| Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, Endostyle/thyroid, Post-anal tail, and pharyngeal gill slits |
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| What does the notochord do? |
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| It provides internal support |
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| Dorsal nerve cord forms into |
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| Dorsal nerve cord function |
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| Prevents the body from collapsing as mucle contracts |
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| Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine |
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| What is special about a lamprey |
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| Still has a notochord and no vertebral column |
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| Leaf tailed gecko found in madagascar |
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| What is difference between reptiles and amphibians |
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| Why do amphibians have wet skin |
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| to dissolve gases as they breathe |
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| What classifies an animal as a mammal? |
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| Lactation and hair/fur... even whales have hair |
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| Why isn't the presence of a placenta used to describe mammals? |
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| mammals like platypus lay eggs, but it lactates. |
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| mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth |
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Epidermis
Embryonic tissue? |
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| What does thickeness of each skin layer depend on? |
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| Why do terestial animals have more layers of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| Because of dessication, the cells need to retain lots of water. |
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| Why do aquatic animals have less layers? |
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| Because they need gass to easily pass through and are in water. |
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Layers of the epidermis
Stratum basale
also known as |
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Layers of the epidermis
Stratum basale |
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| Deepest part of the epidermis and younger cells |
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Layers of the epidermis
Stratum corneum |
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- aged and dead
- keratin concentrated
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| Strength/ protection from truama and dessication |
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| Chordates, but not all chordates have dermis |
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| Has a variety of cells, collagen and elastin |
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| Where are most glands concentrated? |
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| Contains sebum oil that is used to mosturize the hair shaft. |
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| Vascularization in mammals |
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| Highly vascularized dermis in most |
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| Importance of vascularization in dermis |
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- Thermoregulation
- Blood Pressure
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| Subcatenous fat name from miscroscopic perspective |
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| Loose connective fat tissue found in whales, dolphins and walruses |
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| Whales and dolphins are... |
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| Why are cetaceans susceptible to hyperthermia |
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| There is not much vascularization in their dermis so there isnt really space for heat to escape. |
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| winglike, feathered feet aka flippers |
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| born core, only found in mammals |
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| function of horns and antlers |
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| protection, breeding season when contending for a mate |
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- Have horns
- cows, sheep, goats, buffalo
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| Bovidae and Cervidae are what names |
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| family names within the class, mammals |
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- Both sexes have then
- No branching
- Continues to grow
- Derman bone core
- Keratinized/cornified covering aka epidermis
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- Mostly in males except caribou were both males and females have it
- Branched
- Shed horns annually
- Dermal bone core
- Velvet covering.
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| the horn or antler is derived from the dermis |
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| Which hormone is associated with horns/antlers? |
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| Epidermal covering for antlers. it contains living tissues and highly vascularized. it is also regulated by testosterone. it is higly vascularized and and contains nutrients for the antlers. |
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| Hypertension, Hyperthermia |
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Definition
| Dialated precap because you want to utilize surface area of capillary beds. |
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| Hypotension and hypothermia |
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Definition
| AV will be dialted because you dont want to loose anythign the capillary beds. |
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| Pre-capillary sphincter and Arteriovenous Sphincter |
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Definition
| are atagonistic to each other, when one is dilating, the other is constricting |
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| Epidermal layer of chrondrichthyans |
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- Insulation
- Energy reserve
- Streamline/ Hydrodynamics
- Buoyancy
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| Types of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
- Cartilage
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Bones
- Blood
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| Advantage of cartilage over bone |
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Definition
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Cartilage
Embryonic tissue? |
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Definition
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| Where can cartilage that is ectodermally derived be found? |
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Definition
| Skull and pharyngeal/branchial arches |
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| Ectoderm to cartilage in the skull and branchial arches |
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- Chromatophones
- Schwan cells
- Cartilage in skull
- pharyngeal and brachial branch
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| make the myelin sheath on the acons |
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- Chrondocyte
- chondroitin sulphate matrix
- Lacunae
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Definition
| Depresession that houses chondrocytes |
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Cartilage
Vascularizaiton? |
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Definition
| No real vascularization. blood vessels can be found on the outer layer called the perichondrium. This is why cartilage does not heal that well. |
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| How are nutrients passed in to the cartilage? |
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- Few collagen
- transluscent look
- Spongy-like
- Glassy
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| Function of Hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
- Lubrication
- Reduces direct contact with solid structures
- Overall enhances the joints logivity by decreasing wear and tear
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Term
| Sites for Hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
- Trachea: flexible but not too flexible
- Ribcase: As you go toears the ventral part it is importaly hyaline. This helps the ribcage expand as we breathe
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Term
| Hyaline cartilage and development |
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Definition
| The most predominant form in the developmen. It is the foundation of formal bone development. It because bone by being ossified to bone. |
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| Fibrous cartilage contains |
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Fibrous Cartilage
function |
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Definition
| Protects from tension (pulling apart) |
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Definition
- Intervertebral disc aka annulus firbosus
- Allows us to bend and prevents misalignment
- Pubc Symphysis
- A little bit of cartilage to help with child birth
- Patella
- Bony core, surrounded by fibrous cartilage.
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| Elastic Cartilage contains |
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Definition
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Elastic cartilage
Function |
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Definition
| Allows manipulation and restores back to shape |
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- Pinna (Ear)
- Tip of nose
- Epiglottis, which is manipulated byt the muscles around it.
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| Lamprey and Shark cranium is |
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Definition
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| In all vertebrates it is founf in the ventral floor of the skull and the caudal part as well. |
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Chondrocranium:
embryonic origin |
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Definition
| Mesoderm sometimes ectodermal via neural crest cells |
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Chondrocranium:
development |
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Definition
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Definition
the portion of the skull that arises from the first branchial arches, forming the supportive structures of the jaw
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Definition
| the portion of the skull that is derived from the dermal bone |
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Splachnocranium
location in all vertebrates |
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Definition
- Pharyngeal and branchial arches
- mandibular arches
- Laryngeal cartilage
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Splachnocranium:
embryonic development |
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Splachnocranium
development |
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| Flat bones of the skull and mammalian jaw |
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Dermatocranium:
embryonic origin |
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Dermatocranium:
development |
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Definition
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Definition
- Protects brain
- Helpful for feeding
- Respiration
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| Bones that are endochondrally derived |
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Definition
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| Intermembranously derived bones |
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Definition
- Flat bones of the skull
- Sesamoid bones
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| Cartilage in where are from the ectoderm? |
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Definition
- Ventral floor of skull
- Pharygeal and branchial arches
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Definition
- Develop within a tendon
- Connect muscle to bone
- They provide support and protection
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