process that takes place in an organism's cell,

by which energy is converted to ATP

Dont need a circulatory system if cell are within 1mm of each other.

Ex. Insects

Nutrient that controls a species population, size, and or distribution.

Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Potassium, Iron etc...

Gases that dont let heat escape from earth

Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, water, nitrous oxide.

Water is the most prevalent greenhouse gas

The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric (co-occurring)

populations of two species (present in the same community) than in allopatric

(non-overlapping) populations of the same two species. This results from

natural selection driven by competition

Fungus that attatches to roots of plants, it is nitrogen fixing and traps nutrients for plants.

Mutualistic relationship with plants

Development of an ecosystem over time

Pioneering species, Early successional community, Mid-successional, Late-successional, Climax Community

Increase levels of chemicals and toxins as you go up trophic levels

ex: PCB, Mercury

Specific Stimuli that elicit response

Ex. Male spiders when seeing female spider

Stickleback fish sees red belly (thinking that is another fish of the same species) and elicits aggressive response.

one organism benefits while another neither is helped nor hurt

Ex. Fish following a manatee around for protection

always present in the plant species

ex. Mechanical defenses (thorns) to digestibility reducers and toxins

Poison Ivy, foxglove

engine that drives most of the ecosystems on earth

most occurs as photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to sugar

gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by producers for respiration

- earth's energy budget

NPP=GPP-R

ability of an organism to produce surviving fertile offspring in a given environment

more offspring = higher fitness

-parasite

Involves 2 distinct hosts

- sexual production occurs in the definitive host (human)

- asexual reproduction occurs in the intermediate host (snail)

Dam construction projects have led to major outbreaks of shistosomiasis

Have membrane bound nucleus

-multicellular

10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells in diameter

-1st living organism

-single celled

-Kingdom Monera

Domain Bacteria

-prokaryote

Domain Archea

-prokaryote

Domain Eukaryea 

- animals, fungi, plants

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse int he greatest amounts when 3 conditions are met:

1. Surface area for gas exchange is large

2. Respiratory surface is extremely thin

3. Partial pressure gradient of the gas across the surface is large

Arctic Tundra

Boreal Forest 

Temperate Forest

Temperate Grassland

Subtropical Desert

Subtropical Rainforest

- Energy transfer leads towards entropy (disorder)

- At every transfer of energy, some energy is lost to heat that cannot be used again for further work

- the amount of usable energy declines with every transfer

Productivity is greatest at the first (bottom) tophic level and declines at higher levels

-patter occurs because some energy is lost keeping an orgnism alive

key players in cycling of matter from living world back into the non living world

- Break down complex organic molecules (ex. proteins, nucleic acids) into inorganic forms (CO2, NH4+, N2) that can be reused by other organisms

An event that removes some individuals or biomass from a community.

It alters some aspect of resource availability

ex: fires, storms, floods

High Productivity hypothesis

Energy Hypothesis

Hypothesis that tropical regions have had more time for speciation that other species

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

are highly stereotypical behavior patterns that have three characteristics:

1. there is almost no variation in how they are formed

2. They are species specific

3. Once the sequence of action begins, it continues until completion

communities found in a particular area is neither stable nor predictable

A matter of changes whether a similar community develops in the same area after a disturbance occurs