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| A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and it sends input to a control center. |
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| Is typically in the form of nerve impulses (AP) or chemical signals. |
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| Due to inappropriate vasodilation. |
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| Due to obstruction of blood flow. |
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| Due to decreased blood volume. |
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| Due to poor heart function. |
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| Proteins that defend against invading microbes. |
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| In 1665, observed the empty cell walls of cork when he first named the cell. |
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| Studied a wide range of animal tissue and concluded that all animals are made from cells. |
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| Carries out the instructions and synthesizes the proteins, assembling amino acids in the right order to produce each protein described by DNA |
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| Helper T Cells are the major driving force and the main regulators of the immune defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T cells. |
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| The killer T cell is specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses and bacteria. |
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| Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds. |
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| Are proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions. |
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| Any abnormality of structure or function. |
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| Protein sequence of amino acids. Their order is encoded in the genes. |
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| A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. |
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| Tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the bodys controlled conditions. |
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| The aortic reflex regulates systemic blood pressure. Nerve impulses from aoritc baroreceptors reach the CV center via sensory axons of the vagus nerves. |
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1-Nerve impulses propagate from the carotid sinus baroreceptors
2-over sensory axons
in the glossopharyngeal nerves
3-to the CV center (medulla oblongota). |
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| Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained. |
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| A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. |
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| The aortic reflex regulates systemic blood pressure. |
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| When blood pressure FALLS... |
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| The baroreceptors are stretched less and they send nerve impulses at a slower rate to the CV center. In response, the CV center decreases parasympathetic stimulation of the heart by way of motor axons. |
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Term
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
Renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) act on their substrate to produce |
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Definition
| the active hormone angiotensin II, which INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE. |
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| Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor |
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| Angiotensin II- stimulates secretion of aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of sodium ions and water by the kidneys. |
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| is the main conducting unit of the neuron. |
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| Serve as main apparatus for receiving signals from other nerve cells. |
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| The sympathetic (pushing function) and parasympathetic (relaxing function) are parts of what is commonly called the autonomic nervous system. |
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| These systems work in balance with each other and directly or indirectly affect almost every structure in the body. |
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| In response to sympathetic stimulation, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac and skeletal muscles, which helps increase blood flow to muscle during exercise. |
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume. |
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| ADH causes vasoconstriction, which INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE |
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| ANP-Arterial Nutriuretic Peptide (ANP) is released by cells in the atria of the heart. |
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Definition
| LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE by vasodilation and by increasing amount of salt and water in the urine which DECREASES BLOOD VOLUME. |
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Definition
| The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the bodys internal environment due to the constant interaction of the bodys many regulatory processeses. |
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| Maintenance of Blood Pressure |
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Definition
| Several interconnected negative feedback systems control blood pressure. |
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| Cardiovascular Center (CV Center) |
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Definition
| The CV center in the medula oblongota helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume. Control nerual, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems. |
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| Neurons control blood vessel diameter by causing constriction (vasoconstriction center) or dilation (vasodilator center). |
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| Before you start to run a race, heart rate may increase due to nerve impulses conveyed from the limbic system to the CV center. |
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| Nerve impulses descend from the cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus to affect the CV Center. |
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| If your body temperature rises during a race, the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the CV center. |
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| The resulting vasodilation of skin blood vessels allows heat to dissipate more rapidly from the surface of the skin. |
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| Monitor movements of joints and muscles and provide input to the CV center during physical activity. |
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| Monitor the concentration of various chemicals in the blood. |
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| Any disruption that changes a controlled condition |
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