Term
| ___ tissues are sheet-like with one free surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ function in cell to cell communication
a. tight junctions
b. adhering junctions
c. gap junctions
d. all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in most animals, glands are formed of ___ tissue
a. epithelial
b. connective
c. muscle
d. nervous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a sweat gland is an __ gland
a. endocrine
b. exocrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most ___ have many collagen and elastin fibers
a. epithelial tissues
b. connective tissues
c. muscle tissues
d. nervous tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fluid portion of the blood called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
your body converts excess carbohydrates and proteins to fats. ___ specializes in in storing the fats.
a. epithelial tissue
b. dense connective tissue
c. adipose tissue
d. both b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
only cells of ___ can shorten (contract)
a. epithelial
b. connective
c. muscle
d. nervous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ detects and integrates information about changes and controls responses to those changes
a. epithelial
b. connective
c. muscle
d. nervous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of muscle can be voluntarily controlled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of neuron delivers signals to muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
exposure to sunlight causes increased production of ___, which shields against harmful UV radiation.
a. melanin
b. hemoglobin
c. keratin
d. collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the main cell type in the epidermis is ___
a. neuroglia
b. motor neurons
c. keratinocytes
d. osteocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strong, pliable, rubber-like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ relay messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
a. motor neurons
b. interneurons
c. sensory neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when a neuron is at rest
a. it is at threshold potential
b. gated sodium channels are open
c. the sodium-potassium pump is operating
d. both a and c. |
|
Definition
| c. the sodium-potassium pump is operating |
|
|
Term
action potentials occur when
a. neuron receives adequate stimulation
b. more and more sodium gates open
c. sodium-potassium pumps kick into action
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
action potentials vary in their size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
neurotransmitters are released by
a. axon terminals
b. the cell body
c. dendrites
d. the myelin sheath |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what chemical is released by axon terminals of a motor neuron at a neuromuscular junction
a. ACh
b. serotonin
c. dopamine
d. epinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which neurotransmitter is important in reward-based learning and drug addiction
a. ACh
b. serotonin
c. dopamine
d. epinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
skeletal muscles are controlled by
a. sympathetic signals
b. parasympathetic signals
c. somatic nerves
d. both a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when you sit quietly on the couch an read, output from ___ neurons prevails
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cell bodies of the sensory neurons that deliver signals to the spinal cord are in the __
a. white matter
b. gray matter
c. dorsal root ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following are not in the brain
a. Schwann cells
b. astrocytes
c. microglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Neurons do not divide in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stretch-sensitive receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of signaling molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| start of brain, spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myelinated axons of neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protects brain and spinal cord from some toxins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a stimulus is a specific form of energy in the outside environment that is detected by
a. a sensory neuron
b. an interneuron
c. a motor neuron
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ is defined as a decrease in the response to an ongoing stimulus
a. perception
b. visual accommodation
c. sensory adaptation
d. somatic sensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which is a somatic sensation
a. taste
b. smell
c. touch
d. hearing
e. both a and b
f. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chemoreceptors play a role in the sense of
a. taste
b. smell
c. touch
d. hearing
e. both a and b
f. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in the ___ interneurons are arranged like maps that correspond to different parts of the body surface.
a. somatosensory cortex
b. retina
c. basilar membrane
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mechanoreceptors in the ___ send signals to the brain about the bodies position relative to gravity
a. eyes
b. ears
c. tongue
d. nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the middle ear functions in
a. detecting shifts in body position
b. amplifying and transmitting sound
c. sorting sound waves out by frequency |
|
Definition
| b. amplifying and transmitting sound |
|
|
Term
the organ of Corti responds to
a. sound
b. light
c. heat
d. pheromones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
color vision begins with signals from
a. rods
b. cones
c. hair cells
d. the blind spot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when you view a close object, your lens gets
a. more rounded
b. cloudier
c. more flattened
d. more transparent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bright light causes the ___ to sjrink
a. lens
b. pupil
c. fovea
d. blind spot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of photoreceptor cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| helps brain assess heat, pressure, pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ are signaling molecules that travel through the blood and affect distant cells in the same individuals.
a. hormones
b. neurotransmitters
c. pheromones
d. local signaling molecules
e. both a and b
f. a through d |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a __ is synthesized from cholesterol and can diffuse across the plasma membrane
a. steroid muscle
b. pheromone
c. peptide hormone
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pituitary hormone: antidiuretic hormone
target: ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pituitary hormone: oxytocin
target: ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pituitary hormone: luteinizing hormone
target: ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pituitary hormone: growth hormone
target: ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
releasers secreted by the hypothalamus cause the secretion of hormones by the ___ pituitary lobe
a. anterior
b. posterior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in adults, too much __ can cause acromegaly
a. growth hormone
b. cortisol
c. insulin
d. melatonin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a diet lacking in iodine can cause
a. rickets
b. goiter
c. diabetes
d. gigantism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
low blood calcium triggers secretion by
a. adrenal glands
b. parathyroid glands
c. ovaries
d. the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ lowers blood sugar levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the __ has endocrine and exocrine functions
a. hypothalamus
b. pancreas
c. pineal gland
d. parathyroid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
secretion of __ suppresses immune responses
a. melatonin
b. antidiuretic hormone
c. thyroid hormone
d. cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
exposure to bright light lowers blood __ levels
a. glucagon
b. melatonin
c. thyroid hormone
d. parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
some heart cells and kidney cells secrete hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
only women make follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
all hormones secreted by arthropods such as crabs and insects are also secreted by vertebrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| secretes insulin, glucagon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a local signaling molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a hydrostatic skeleton consists of ___
a. a fluid in an enclosed space
b. hardened plates at the surface of the body
c. internal hard parts
d. none |
|
Definition
| a. a fluid in an enclosed space |
|
|
Term
bones are _
a. mineral reservoirs
b. skeletal muscle's partners
c. sites where blood cells form (some bones only)
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bones move when ___ muscles contract
a. cardiac
b. skeletal
c. smooth
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a ligament connects
a. bones at a joint
b. a muscle to a bone
c. a muscle to a tendon
d. a tendon to a bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parathyroid hormone stimulates
a. osteoclast activity
b. bone deposition
c. red blood cell formation
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the ___ attaches to the pelvic girdle
a. radius
b. sternum
c. femur
d. tibia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the ___ is the basic unit of contraction
a. osteoblast
b. sarcomere
c. twitch
d. myosin filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in sarcomeres, phosphate-group transfers from ATP activate __
a. actin
b. myosin
c. both
d. neither |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a sarcomere shortens when
a. thick filaments shorten
b. thin filaments shorten
c. both thick and thin filaments shorten
d. none |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATP for muscle contraction can be formed by
a. aerobic respiration
b. lactate fermentation
c. creatine phosphate breakdown
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a virus causes
a. polio
b. botulism
c. muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a motor unit is
a. a muscle and the bone it moves
b. two muscles that work in opposition
c. the amount a muscle shortens during contraction
d. a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it controls |
|
Definition
| d. a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it controls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| force exerted by cross-bridges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of contact between bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle fiber's threadlike parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decline in muscle tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stores and releases calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the velocity of blood flow ___ when blood enters the capillaries
a. increases
b. decreases
c. stay the same |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all vertebrates have
a. an open circulatory system
b. a closed circulatory system
c. a four chambered heart
d. both b ad c |
|
Definition
| b. a closed circulatory system |
|
|
Term
which are not found in the blood
a. plasma
b. blood cells and platelets
c. gases and dissolved substances
d. all are found in blood |
|
Definition
| d. all are found in blood |
|
|
Term
a person who has type O blood
a. can receive a transfusion of blood of any type
b. can donate blood to a person of any blood type
c. can donate blood only to a person of type O
d. cannot be a blood donor |
|
Definition
| b. can donate blood to a person of any blood type |
|
|
Term
in the blood, most oxygen is transported
a. in red blood cells
b. in white blood cells
c. bound to hemoglobin
d. both a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which has a more muscular wall
a. right atrium
b. left ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
blood flows directly from the left atrium to
a. the aorta
b. the left ventricle
c. the right atrium
d. the pulmonary arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all blood cells descend from stem cells in
a. the spleen
b. the left ventricle
c. the right atrium
d. bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
contraction of __ drives the flow of blood through the aorta and pulmonary arteries
a. atria
b. arterioles
c. ventricles
d. skeletal muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
blood pressure is highest in the __ and lowest in the ___
a. arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
at rest, the largest volume of blood is in the
a. arteries
b. capillaries
c. veins
d. arterioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
at the start of a capillary bed (closest to arterioles), ultrafiltration moves
a. proteins into the capillary
b. interstitial fluid into the capillary
c. proteins into the interstitial fluid
d. water ions and small solutes into interstitial fluid |
|
Definition
| d. water ions and small solutes into interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
which is not a function of the lymphatic system
a. filters out pathogens
b. returns fluid to the circulatory system
c. helps certain white blood cells mature
d. distributes oxygen to the tissues |
|
Definition
| d. distributes oxygen to the tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contractions drive blood circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main blood volume reservoir |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ is/are the first line of defense against threats
a. skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
complement proteins
a. form pore complexes
b. promote inflammation
c. neutralize toxins
d. a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ trigger immune responses
a. cytokines
b. lysozymes
c. immunoglobulins
d. antigens
e. histamines
f. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name one defining characteristic of innate immunity |
|
Definition
| fixed, general, immediate, limited to about 1000 antigens |
|
|
Term
| name one defining characteristic of adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
| self/nonself recognition, specificity, diversity, memory |
|
|
Term
antibodies are
a. antigen receptors
b. mode only by B cells
c. proteins
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ binding antigen triggers allergic responses
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgC
d. IgM
e. IgD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
antibody mediated responses work against
a. intracellular pathogens
b. extracellular pathogens
c. cancerous cells
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. a,b,c |
|
Definition
| b. extracellular pathogens |
|
|
Term
cell mediated responses work against
a. intracellular pathogens
b. extracellular pathogens
c. cancerous cells
d. a and b
e. b and c
f. a,b,c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ are targets of cytotoxic T cells
a. extracellular virus particles in blood
b. virus-infected body cells or tumor cells
c. parasitic flukes in the liver
d. bacterial cells in pus
e. pollen grains in nasal muccus |
|
Definition
| b. virus-infected body cells or tumor cells |
|
|
Term
allergies occur when the body responds to
a. pathogens
b. normally harmless substances
c. toxins
d. all |
|
Definition
| b. normally harmless substances |
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivity to an allergen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immune response against own body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the most abundant gas in the atmosphere is
a. nitrogen
b. carbon dioxide
c. oxygen
d. hydrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
respiratory proteins such as hemoglobin
a. contain metal ions
b. occur only in vertebrates
c. increase the efficiency of oxygen transport
d. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in insects, most gas exchange occurs at
a. the tips of the tracheal tubes
b. the body surface
c. gills
d. paired lungs |
|
Definition
| a. the tips of the tracheal tubes |
|
|
Term
countercurrent flow of water and blood increases the efficiency of gas exchange in
a. fishes
b. amphibians
c. birds
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in human lungs, gas exchange occurs at the
a. two bronchi
b. pleural sacs
c. alveolar sacs
d. b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when you breathe quietly, inhalation is ___ and exhalation is __
a. passive, passive
b. active, active
c. passive, active
d. active, passive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
during inhalation
a. the thoracic cavity expands
b. the diaphragm relaxes
c. atmospheric pressure declines
d. a and c |
|
Definition
| a. the thoracic cavity expands |
|
|
Term
T/F
human lungs hold some air, even after a forced exhalation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most oxygen being transported in blood
a. is bound to hemoglobin
b. combines with carbon to for carbon dioxide
c. is in the form of bicarbonate
d. is dissolved in the plasma |
|
Definition
| a. is bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
at high altitudes
a. nitrogen bubbles out of the blood
b. hemoglobin has fewer oxygen binding sites
c. atmospheric pressure is lower than at sea level
d. b and c |
|
Definition
| c. atmospheric pressure is lower than at sea level |
|
|
Term
myoglobin helps muscles to
a. synthesize hemoglobin
b. store oxygen
c. form bicarbonate
d. b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
hemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than for oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between bronchi and alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a digestive system functions in
a. secreting enzymes
b. absorbing compounds
c. eliminating wastes
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
protein digestion begins in the
a. mouth
b.. stomach
c. small intestines
d. colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most nutrients are absorbed in the
a. mouth
b.. stomach
c. small intestines
d. colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bile has roles in ___ digestion and absorption
a. carbohydrate
b. fat
c. protein
d. amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
monosaccharides and amino acids absorbed from the small intestine enter
a. blood vessels
b. lymph vessels
c. fat droplets
d. large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the largest number of bacteria thrive in the
a. stomach
b. small intestine
c. large intestine
d. esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the pH is lowest in the
a. stomach
b. small intestine
c. large intestine
d. esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most water that enters the gut is absorbed across the lining of the
a. stomach
b. small intestine
c. large intestine
d. esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ are inorganic substances with essential metabolic roles that no other substance can fulfill
a. phytonutrients
b. minerals
c. vitamins
d. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
glucose rich blood flows from the small intestine to the liver, which stores glucose as glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ammonia is a toxic product of the digestion of
a. fats
b. proteins
c. carbohydrates
d. vitamins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ammonia is converted to less toxic urea by the
a. liver
b. stomach
c. gallbladder
d. rectum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the essential fatty acids are
a. trans fats
b. saturated fats
c. polysaturated fats
d. lysine and methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compacts undigested residues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretes most digestive enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an insects ___ deliver nitrogen wastes to its gut
a. nephridia
b. nephrons
c. malpighian tubules
d. contractile vacuoles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
body fluids of a marine bony fish have a solute concentration that is ___ its surroundings
a. higher than
b lower than
c. equal to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bowman's capsule, the start of the tubular part of a nephron, is located in the
a. renal cortex
b. renal medulla
c. renal pelvis
d. renal artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fluid that enters Bowman's capsule flows directly into the
a. renal artery
b. proximal tubule
c. distal tubule
d. loop of Henle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
blood pressure forces water and small solutes into Bowmans capsule during
a. glomerular filtration
b. tubular reabsorption
c. tubular secretion
d. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
kidneys return most of the water and small solutes back to the blood by the way of
a. glomerular filtration
b. tubular reabsorption
c. tubular secretion
d. a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ADH binds to receptors on distal tubules and collecting ducts, making them ___ permeable to ___
a. more, water
b. less, water
c. more, sodium
d. less, sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
increased sodium reabsorption
a. will make urine more concentrated
b. will make urine more dilute
c. is stimulated by aldosterone
d. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
increased secretion of H into kidney tubules helps lower the pH of the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carries urine from kidney to bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delivers urine to body surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the main control center for maintaining the temperature of the mammalian body is in the
a. anterior pituitary
b. renal cortex
c. adrenal gland
d. hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an animal with a low metabolism that maintains its temperature mainly by adjusting its behavior is
a. an endotherm
b. an ectotherm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
exposure to cold increases blood flow to your skin, thus warming the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sexual reproduction
a. requires internal fertilization
b. produces offspring that vary in their traits
c. is more efficient than asexual reproduction
d. puts all of a parents genes in each offspring |
|
Definition
| b. produces offspring that vary in their traits |
|
|
Term
testosterone is secreted by the
a. testes
b. hypothalamus
c. prostate gland
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
semen contains secretions from the
a. adrenal gland
b. pituitary gland
c. prostate gland
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
male germ cells undergo meiosis in the
a. urethra
b. seminiferous tubules
c. prostate gland
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the female ___ is derived from the same embryonic tissue as the male penis
a. cervix
b. clitoris
c. vagina
d. oviduct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the cervix is the entrance to the
a. oviducts
b. vagina
c. uterus
d. clitoris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
during a menstrual cycle, a midcycle surge of ___ triggers ovulation
a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. LH
d. FSH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the corpus luteum develops from ___ and secretes hormones that cause the lining of the uterus to thicken
a. follicle cells
b. polar bodies
c. a primary oocyte
d. a secondary oocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a male has an erection when
a. muscles running the length of the penis contract
b. leydig cells release a surge of testosterone
c. the posterior pituitary releases oxytocin
d. spongy tissue inside the penis fills with blood |
|
Definition
| d. spongy tissue inside the penis fills with blood |
|
|
Term
birth control pills deliver synthetic
a. estrogen and progesterone
b. LH and FSH
c. testosterone
d. oxytocin and prostaglandins |
|
Definition
| a. estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| what hormone does the pituitary gland produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone does the hypothalamus produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone do the ovaries produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone do the testes produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what agent causes chlamydia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what agent causes syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what agent causes genital warts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what agent causes gonorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what agent causes trichomoniasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conveys sperm out of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| produces estrogen and progesterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| usual site of fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretes semen components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the typical end product of cleavage is a
a. zygote
b. blastula
c. gastrula
d. gamete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
materials are randomly distributed in egg cytoplasm, so cleavage parcels out same kinds of cytoplasmic components to all cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cells differentiate as a direct result of
a. selective gene expression
b. morphogenesis
c. gasstrulatin
d. all |
|
Definition
| a. selective gene expression |
|
|
Term
___ help bring about morphogenesis
a. cell migrations
b. changes in cell shape
c. cell suicide
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells influence neighbors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cellular rearrangements form primary tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tissues, organs emerge in the correct places |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a ___ implants in the lining of the human uterus
a. zygote
b. gastrula
c. blastocyst
d. fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the ___, a fluid filled sac, surrounds and protects an embryo and keeps it from drying out
a. amnion
b. allantois
c. yolk sac
d. chorion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
at full term,, a placenta
a. is composed of extraembryonic membranes alone
b. directly connects maternal and fetal blood vessels
c. keeps maternal and fetal blood vessels separated |
|
Definition
| c. keeps maternal and fetal blood vessels separated |
|
|
Term
during the second trimester of pregnancy
a. gastrulatin ends
b. eyes open
c. heartbeats start |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ stimulates milk synthesis in mammary glands
a. HCG
b. prolactin
c. testosterone
d. oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ gives rise to skeletal muscle and bones
a. mesoderm
b. endoderm
c. ectoderm
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
order the human development events:
a. gastrulation occurs
b. blastocyst forms
c. morula forms
d. zygote forms
e. neural tube forms
f. pharyngeal arches form |
|
Definition
1-d. zygote forms
2-c. morula forms
3-b. blastocyst forms
4-a. gastrulation occurs
5-e. neural tube forms
6-f. pharyngeal arches form |
|
|
Term
genes affects the behavior of individuals by
a. influencing the development of nervous systems
b. affecting the kinds of hormones in individuals
c. determining which stimuli can be detected
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stevan Arnold offered slug meat to newborn garter snakes from different populations to test his hypothesis that snakes' response to slugs
a. was shaped by indirect selection
b. is an instinctive behavior
c. is based on pheromones
d. is adaptive |
|
Definition
| b. is an instinctive behavior |
|
|
Term
a behavior is defined as adaptive if it
a. varies among individuals of a population
b. occurs without prior learning
c. increases an individuals reproductive success
d. is widespread across a species |
|
Definition
| c. increases an individuals reproductive success |
|
|
Term
the honeybee dance language transmits information about distance to food by way of ___ signals
a. tactile
b. chemical
c. acoustical
d. visual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a ___ is a chemical that conveys information between individuals of the same species
a. pheromone
b. neurotransmitter
c. hormone
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in ___, males and females typically cooperate in care of the young
a. mammals
b. birds
c. amphibians
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
generally, living in a social group costs the individual in terms of
a. competition for food, other resources
b. vulnerability to contagious diseases
c. competition for mates
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| social behavior evolves because ___ |
|
Definition
| under some conditions, the benefits of social life to an individual offset the costs to that individual |
|
|
Term
eusocial insects ___
a. live in extended family groups
b. include termites, honeybees and ants.
c. show a reproductive division of labor
d. a and c
e. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
helping other individuals at a reproductive to oneself might be adaptive if those helped are
a. members of another species
b. competitors for mates
c. close relatives
d. illegitimate signalers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F some mammals live in colonies and act as sterile workers that serve close relatives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| series of responses that runs to completion independently of feedback from environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assisting another individual at one's own expense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genes plus actual experience |
|
Definition
| basis of instinctive and learned behavior |
|
|
Term
| time-dependent form of learning requiring exposure to key stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most commonly, individuals of a population show a ___ distribution through their habitat
a. clumped
b. random
c. nearly uniform
d. none |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the rate at which population size grows or declines depends on the rate of
a. births
b. deaths
c. immigration
d. emigration
e. a and b
f. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
suppose 200 fish are marked and released in a pond. the following week, 200 fish are caught and 100 of them have marks. there are about __ fish in the pond.
a. 200
b. 300
c. 400
d. 2000 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
thirty days ago there were 400 worms, now there are 800. how many worms will there be in 30 days assuming conditions remain constant
a. 1200
b. 1600
c. 3200
d. 6400 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for a given species, the maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions is its
a. biotic potential
b. carrying capacity
c. environmental resistance
d. density control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ is a density-independent factor that influences population growth
a. resource competition
b. infectious disease
c. predation
d. harsh weather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a life history pattern for a population is a set of adaptations that influence the individuals
a. longevity
b. fertility
c. age at reproductive maturity
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the human populations is now over 6.6 billion. it was half that in_
a. 2004
b. 1960
c. 1802
d. 1350 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
compared to the less developed countries, the highly developed ones have a higher
a. death rate
b. birth rate
c. total fertility rate
d. resource consumption rate |
|
Definition
| d. resource consumption rate |
|
|
Term
___ population growth increases the proportion of older individuals in a population
a. slowing
b. accelerating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maximum number of individuals sustainable by the resources in a given environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| population growth plots out as a j-curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| essential resource the restricts population growth when scarce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| population growth plots out as an s-curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a habitat
a. has distinguishing physical and chemical features
b. is where individuals of a species normally live
c. is occupied by various species
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a species' niche includes it
a. habitat requirements
b. food requirements
c. reproductive requirements
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which can not be a symbiosis
a. mutualism
b. parasitism
c. commensalism
d. interspecific competition |
|
Definition
| d. interspecific competition |
|
|
Term
lizards and songbirds that share a habitat and both eat flies are an example of __ competition
a. exploitative
b. interference
c. intraspecific
d. interspecific
e. a and d |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
with character displacement, two competing species become
a. more alike
b. less alike
c. symbionts
d. extinct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
predator and prey populations
a. always coexist at relatively stable levels
b. may undergo cyclic or irregular changes in density
c. cannot coexist indefinitely in the same habitat
d. both b and c |
|
Definition
| b. may undergo cyclic or irregular changes in density |
|
|
Term
| one species feeds on another, and usually kills it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two species interact, and both benefit by the interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two species interact, and one is helped, while the other is neither helped nor harmed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one species feeds on another, but usually does not kill it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two species attempt to use the same resource |
|
Definition
| interspecific competition |
|
|
Term
species richness of a community is greatest between physical disturbances of __ intensity or frequency
a. low
b. intermediate
c. high
d. variable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
parasitoids usually live inside their host without killing it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| individuals leave home range, become established elsewhere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more species on large islands than small ones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opportunistic colonizer of barren or disturbed habitat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| array of species at the end of successful stages in a habitat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| greatly affects other species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| often outcompete, and displace native species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allows competitors to coexist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in most ecosystems, the primary producers use energy from ___ to build organic compounds
a. sunlight
b. heat
c. breakdowns of waste and remains
d. breakdowns of inorganic substances in the habitat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
organisms at the lowest trophic level in a tall grass prairie are all
a.at the first step away from the original energy input
b. autotrophs
c. heterotrophs
d. a and b
e. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
decomposers are commonly
a. fungi
b. plants
c. bacteria
d. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all organisms at the first trophic level
a. capture energy from a nonliving source
b. obtain carbon from a nonliving source
c. would be at the bottom of an energy pyramid
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
primary productivity on land is affected by
a. nutrient availability
b. amount of sunlight
c. temperature
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
if biological magnification occurs, the __ will have the highest levels of toxins in their systems
a. producers
b. herbivores
c. primary carnivores
d. top carnivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most of earths fresh water is
a. in lakes and streams
b. in aquifers and soil
c. frozen as ice
d. in bodies of organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
earths largest carbon reservoir is
a. the atmosphere
b sediments and rocks
c seawater
d. living organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
carbon is released into the atmosphere by
a. photosynthesis
b. aerobic respiration
c. burning fossil fuels
d. b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
greenhouse gases
a. slow the escape of heat energy from earth into space
b. are produced by natural and human activities
c. are at higher levels than they were 100 years ago
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the ___ cycle is a sedimentary cycle
a. water
b. carbon
c. nitrogen
d. phosphorus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
earths largest phosphorus reservoir is
a. the atmosphere
b. guano
c. sediments and rocks
d. living organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
plant growth requires __ uptake from the soil
a. nitrogen
b. carbon
c. phosphorus
d. a and c
e. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nitrogen fixation converts __ to ___
a. nitrogen gas, ammonia
b. nitrates, nitrites
c. ammonia, nitrogen gas
d. ammonia, nitrates
e. nitrogen gas, nitrogen oxides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which group of organisms captures sunlight energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which group of organisms feed on plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which group of organisms degrade organic wastes and remains to inorganic forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which group of organisms feed on small bits of organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
solar radiation drives the distribution of weather systems, and so influences
a. temperature zone
b. rainfall distribution
c. seasonal variations
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ shields living organisms against the sun's UV wavelength
a. thermal inversion
b. acid precipitation
c. the ozone layer
d. greenhouse effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
regional variations in the global patterns of rainfall and temperatures depend on
a. global air circulation
b. ocean currents
c. topography
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a rain shadow is a reduction in rainfall
a. on the inland side of a coastal mountain range
b. during an el nino event
c. that occurs seasonally in the tropics |
|
Definition
| a. on the inland side of a coastal mountain range |
|
|
Term
air masses rise
a. at the equator
b. at the poles
c. as air cools
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
biomes are
a. water provinces
b. water and land zones
c. land regions
d. partly characterized by dominant plants
e. c and d |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
biome distribution depends on
a. climate
b. elevation
c. soils
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
grasslands most often predominate
a. near the equator
b. at high altitude
c. in the interior of continents
d. b and c |
|
Definition
| c. in the interior of continents |
|
|
Term
permafrost underlies ___ and is a vast store of carbon
a. arctic tundra
b. alpine tundra
c. coniferous forest
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
during ___, deeper. often nutrient rich water moves to the surface of a body of water.
a. spring overturns
b. fall overturns
c. upwellings
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chemoautotrophic prokaryotes are the primary producers for food webs
a. in grasslands
b. in deserts
c. on coral reefs
d. at hydrothermal vents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| has low-growing plants at high altitudes or elevations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at latitudes 30deg north and south |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of grassland with trees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| partly enclosed by land where fresh water and sea water mix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| equatorial broad leaf forest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mineral rich super heated water supports communities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
most species that evolved have already become extinct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dodos were driven to extinction
a. when humans arrived in north America
b. by over-harvesting and introduced species
c. as a result of global warming
d. a and b |
|
Definition
| b. by over-harvesting and introduced species |
|
|
Term
gene flow among populations is hampered by
a. habitat fragmentation
b. species introductions
c. poaching
d. all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___, native to the united states, have now been driven to extinction
a. dodos
b. passenger pigeons
c. pandas
d. buffalo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following has the most representative among the known endangered species
a. bacteria
b. fungi
c. vertebrates
d. invertebrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an ___ species can be monitored to gauge the health of the environment
a endemic
b. endangered
c. indicator
d. exotic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a __ is an area that conservation biologists consider a high priority for preservation
a. hot spot
b. ecoregion
c. biome
d. biogeographic province |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
artificial lighting harms some species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dams built to provide renewable hydroelectric power have caused declines in populations of
a. salmon
b. killer whales
c. sea turtles
d. a and b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in the US,, most plastic enters the oceans by way of
a. littering
b. careless boaters
c. offshore drilling
d. municipal dumping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| species-rich area near river |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many species under threat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evolved and found in one area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highly sensitive to changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause of some dust storms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| locals benefit from visitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| less erosion, sustains forest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assesses and seeks ways to preserve biodiversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve. |
|
Definition
| nerves in our autonomic system are divided into two separate categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic neurons are active in times of stress, excitement and danger. Conversely, parasympathetic neurons are active at times of relaxation. What is interesting to note is that most organs are governed by both sets of nerves. For example, while sleeping, the parasympathetic nerve is telling your heart rate to decrease, but if you are startled your sympathetic nerves kick in and tell it to increase, so you can get more oxygen to your blood. This mismatch eventually evens out through synaptic integration. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the electrical and chemical basis for the human nervous system. |
|
Definition
we know that the nervous system is composed of two parts: the central nervous system, which controls the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves connecting other parts of the body. The book also tells us that neurons are the basic building block of the nervous system. What I learned online is that neurons send signals to cells as electrochemical waves via axons, which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses.
When a neuron is at rest, the tissue fluid that surrounds it contains more positive ions than are inside the neuron. The positive ions outside the cell are sodium |
|
|
Term
| Describe how skeletal muscles contract. |
|
Definition
In short, muscles are able to contract and relax due to its internal structure. Muscle fibers are filled with myofibrils, which are bundles of contractile filaments. The entire length of the myofibril is packed with sacromeres. Sacromeres are the basic unit of contraction and that is due to its alternating bands of thick and thin filaments. When a sarcomere shortens, the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments. The thin filaments attached to one Z band move towards the thin filaments attached to the other Z band. These thin filaments consist mainly of two chains of actin. The thick filaments are centered in the sarcomere and consist of myosin, which is a club-shaped motor protein.
All these pieces work together to enable muscle contraction, and do so as described in the sliding-filament model, which is found on page 629 of the textbook. This model says that neither the myosin nor the filaments change position or length |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the three processes of urine formation |
|
Definition
the three stages of urine formation are: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
In glomerular filtration, your body’s normal blood pressure pushes blood into the glomerulus (part of the Bowman’s capsule). Once there, about 20% of that blood is filtered through to the first part of a nephron (kidney cell). The remaining fluid moves on to the efferent arteriole. Since plasma, platelets, and blood are too large to enter through the glomerular filter, water and solutes are what continue on in the urine forming process. (arrow number 1 shown in the above diagram).
The next step in the urine formation process is tubular reabsorption. Reabsorption is a two-step process beginning with the active or passive extraction of substances from the tubule fluid into the connective tissue that surrounds the nephrons (which is most of the fluid), followed by the transport of these substances from the interstitium into the bloodstream. (arrow #2 in the above diagram).
The final step in urine formation is tubular secretions. In this step, excess ions and urea are actively transported from the peritubular capillaries to the tubular filtrate. Usually only a few substances are secreted, such as hydrogen, potassium, urea, and natural poisons.
Finally, once urine has been formed, the final step is excretion of that urine. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss how pollution can have global effects. |
|
Definition
| . For example, water can be polluted by dumping toxic chemicals in the rivers, lakes and oceans. The currents then carry that pollution downstream, crossing geo-political boundaries. This happens not only in manufacturing processes, but in agricultural runoff from pesticides, fertilizers, as well as waste products from large animal processing plants. The air is polluted by burning wood and fossil fuels, such as coal, and oil. Burning these chemicals puts carbon and nitrogen in the atmosphere, which causes global temperatures to rise, acid rain, and sea-level changes. All these negative consequences cross borders by floating in the wind, on ocean currents, or as seas rise, making this a global problem to solve. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the concept of carrying capacity and humankind's ability to alter the carrying capacity of a region |
|
Definition
Carrying capacity is simply the maximum population size that a region can sustain. As the population increases, limiting factors put pressure on that growth, until such time that the population begins to decrease, and is at or below the carrying capacity of the region. The book lists common limiting factors such as food, pollution, and predators as reasons that most animal populations come to parity with their environment.
Humans have the ability to exceed their regions carry capacity, and are doing so even now. For example, rather than following animal populations like the native Americans once did, living in small groups, sustained by the food the animals produced, humans learned about agriculture. Now humans can grow food to meet the needs of the growing populations, and even ship that food to regions where people are living beyond their regions carrying capacity, such as in Africa.
Humans can further reduce the limiting factor of space, by making high-rise apartments, rather than single-family homes. Pollution can be abated with the advent of new technology such as electric cars, and new technology that will reduce the landfill size overall. Basic sanitation ad healthcare improvements have given humans longer more productive lives, all of which has increased humankind's carrying capacity forever. That being said, there will of course be a practical limit of what the earth can sustain. Limiting factors still exist, such as natural resources. One day there will not be enough wood or metal to construct new homes, or machines to harvest food, or not enough land to support both human living spaces, and agricultural needs. I suppose at that point humans must take to outer space to continue their growth. |
|
|
Term
| List the components of energy flow through ecosystems (hydrologic cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, etc.). What are the major factors affecting each cycle? |
|
Definition
the earth's ecosystems, which are: biogeochemical, water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. These cycles are important because they are responsible for the nutrient cycling that sustains the ecosystem that we rely on, and are a part of.
The Biogeochemical cycle occurs as nutrients move from nonliving environmental reservoirs, to living organisms, and back again. These reservoirs include rocks, sediments, water, and atmosphere. Chemical and geological processes release the nutrients, for example, volcanoes and earthquakes expose new rocks, which are weathered, and release nutrients in the process. These nutrients are then taken up in the water or in the atmosphere by plants, which are eaten by larger and larger animals, until they eventually leave the animals, and are returned back to the earth, ready to start the trip all over again.
The Water cycle begins with evaporation of water from the ocean, and other large bodies of water, as well as transpiration from plants. Those processes result in liquid water turning into water vapor, which rises in the atmosphere, until it is cool enough that it can condense, and form rain drops. Those drops are then release as rain, snow, or hail, according to page 848. That dumped water then continues its journey as it flows into rivers, lakes, aquifers, and streams. This flowing water moves dissolved nutrients with it. This process is what turns salt water, into usable drinking and farming water. Pollution and unwise practices have endangered this balance, which will possibly lead to a global water crisis, where there won’t be enough water for farming or drinking, according the book’s authors.
The Carbon cycle begins as carbon in the atmosphere, carbon the is moved via the ocean currents, as well as carbon from dead organisms piles up in the seafloor sediments, as shown on page 850. As the earth’s crust rises from tectonic activity, that carbon is exposed, and becomes a part of the ecosystem. Carbon then enters the food webs as producers use and produce carbon during aerobic respiration, and as animals eat those producers. Carbon is also release into the atmosphere through human activities such as pollution, and through natural activities such as fires, volcanic eruptions, and decomposition of living organisms. The increase in carbon in the earth’s atmosphere is linked to global warming and climate change.
The Nitrogen cycle begins when bacteria break the bonds of N2 found in the atmosphere, and convert it to ammonia, and then to ammonium, and nitrate. These chemicals easily dissolve in water, and are taken up by plant roots, according to page 854 of the text book. Ammonia leaves the food web as waste, until fungi and other bacteria break it down again, and the process repeats. Nitrogen is lost as some bacteria convert nitrogen back into a gas, and as nitrogen leaves through runoff, into oceans and lakes. Deforestation and farming also remove nitrogen from the ecosystem. Farmers end up rotating crops and adding nitrogen rich fertilizer to the soil in order to grow crops. Burning of fossil fuels releases nitrogen gas into the atmosphere, which changes the acidity of the water in the atmosphere, producing acid rain.
The Phosphorus cycle begins as rocks are weathered, and phosphorus ions are put into bodies of water, where plants take the ions into their roots. What is not taken up by plants ultimately ends up back in the ocean, and sediments, which get exposed once again as tectonic movements, put the sediments back in the atmosphere, where they can be weathered all over again. Phosphorus is required for ATP production in living organisms, and a depletion of phosphorus is a limiting factor for a regions ecosystem. Once depleted from the soil, the land won’t grow plants again without adding phosphorus back to the soil. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the different biomes as to their climate (stable warm moist conditions, widely fluctuating conditions, cold winter, etc.). What are the major factors affecting each cycle? |
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Definition
we learn that there are many different biomes, which include: desert, dry shrub land, warm grassland, temperate grassland, mountain grassland, tropical broadleaf forest, temperate deciduous forest, tropical coniferous forest, rain forest, boreal forest, tropical dry forest, tundra, mountains, mangrove swamp, perpetual ice cover, and marine. However, the book goes on to define only a handful of these. I will put the comparisons in a table, similar to what is shown in the class handbook.
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