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| The process of change that has transformed life on earth through organisms' adaptations to their environments; the fundamental organizing principle of biology. |
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| The scientific study of life. |
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- Regulation
- Energy Processing
- Reproduction
- Order
- Growth and development
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- Response to Environment |
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Properties present in living things that were not present in simpler forms, arising out of the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases.
Ex. A collapse of the architecture of the brain ceases brain function. |
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The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
Ex. Focusing on DNA helped us understand it as a tool for inheriting traits. |
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An approach that attempts to model dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.
Ex. How does a drug that lowers blood pressure effects all the organs? |
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| Levels of biological organization |
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Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
Species
Population
Communities
Ecosystems
The Biosphere |
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| The increase in global temperature due to the surplus of CO2 produced by humans, which lets sunlight in like glass, but traps it in as well, destroying and changing natural habitats |
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| Sunlight to producers to consumers |
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| The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. |
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| An approach of studying whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes between species, as opposed to studying a single gene at a time. |
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| The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze huge volumes of data that results from high through-put methods. |
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The most common form of regulation in living systems in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process.
Ex. Excess ATP inhibits the enzyme that causes its creation. |
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The less common form of regulation, in which an end product speeds up its own production.
Ex. Blood platelets during clotting release chemicals that attract more platelets. |
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| The three domains of life |
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| Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya |
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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| What connects all the scales of life together? |
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| Energy flows and nutrient cycles. |
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| Prokaryotic, most numerous, essential for energy flow and nutrient cycle. |
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| Lacking membrane bound nucleus, usually single celled, and microscopic, 1-10 micrometers. |
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| Prokaryotic, lives in extreme environments, very complex cells. |
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| Eukaryotic, mostly multi-cellular, grouped into three kingdoms. |
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| The three kingdoms of Eukarya |
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Are organized by how their modes of nutrition.
- Kingdom Plantae: produces through photosysnthesis.
- Kingdom Animalia: Ingests other organisms for food.
- Kingdom Fungi: external digestion, absorbs nutrients
- Protists: (Not really a kingdom). Requires more research. |
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The theory that a natural environment "selects" which traits to propagate and pass on in each successive generation, inferred from three observations:
- Individuals in a population vary their traits.
- Each generation produces more offspring than can survive, creating competition.
- Species generally suit their environments. |
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| A systematic method for learning about our world and beyond based on observations, measurements, and testing, which is constantly evolving, and aims to not be subjective or inclusive of opinions. |
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| A search for information and explanation. |
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| Contains membrane-bound organelles, typically 10-100 micrometers, typically multi-cellular. |
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| The science of naming and classifying species. |
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Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primata
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapien |
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Deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations.
Ex. All organisms are made of cells. |
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1. Observation
2. Question
3. Testable, falsifiable hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Evaluate hypothesis based on results, go back to step two if needed
6. Report conclusions to advance science |
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| A tentative, falsifiable answer to a questions. |
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| Logic that flows from the general to the specific, formed from a hypothesis to generate falsifiable predictions, in the form of "If... then..." statements. |
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| Questions that can be addressed by science must be: |
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| The two unifying principles in biology are: |
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-Cell theory: Life comes from life and the cell is the basic unit of life.
- Evolution: Genetic change in a population over time. |
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Origin of Earth: 4.6 bya
Life on Earth: 4.0 bya
Oldest Prokaryotic fossil: 3.5 bya
Oldest Eukaryotic fossil: 2.2 bya
Dinosaurs extinct: 65 mya
Major radiation: 50 mya
Origin of Homo Genus: 2 mya
First homo sapiens: 100-200 kya |
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| A procedure designed to compare an experimental group to a control group, varying only by one variable. |
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| General sets of principles describing and explaining the world. |
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| Why a theory isn't "Just a theory?" |
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- It's much broader in scope.
- It's general enough to spin off many testable hypothesis, making it vulnerable.
- Supported by a much greater body of evidence. |
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| A species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated, which facilitates cooperation among scientists. |
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| The application of scientific knowledge to a specific purpose, which concerns itself with "Should we" ethical questions rather than "Can we" questions. |
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| Why science is a social activity |
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| The work of scientists builds on one another, the results must be repeatable by others to be taken seriously, different approaches builds different levels of knowledge that compliment each other. |
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| A scientists that falsified the theory of "spontaneous generation" by witnessing the creation of life when dust particles were allowed in a flask of broth left out and the lack of life in a a flask not exposed to dust particles through an S-shaped neck. |
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