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| a genetic cross in which the same result occurs every time with respect to the traits under consideration due to homozygous parents |
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| a mating in which the parents differ with respect to the alleles of only one locus of interest |
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| a mating in which the parents differ with respect to the alleles of two loci of interest |
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| the individuals that mate in a genetic cross, their offspring are the first filial generation |
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| the immediate progeny of the parental mating |
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| the immediate progeny of a mating between members of the F1 generation |
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| the alternate form of a genetic character found at a given locus on a chromosome |
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| in diploid organisms, having identical alleles of a given gene on both homologous chromosomes |
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| in diploid organisms, having different alleles of a given gene on the pair of homologs carrying that gene |
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| the gene that does not show unless there is two of them |
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| mating of a dominant-phenotype individual with a homozygous-recessive individual |
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| the set of alleles that are possible |
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| the actual characteristics shown by genotypes |
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| when any individual produces gametes the two copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy, each individual receives two alleles, one from each parent |
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| principle of independent assortment |
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Definition
| alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation |
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| method of predicting genetic crosses by arranging the gametes of each parent at the edges of a square |
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the overall probability =product of individual probabilities
probAaBbCc= probAa+probBb+probCc |
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| some traits vary over a range in different degrees, this is due to the fact that many different genes influence the trait. |
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| a single gene mutation can influence several traits |
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| heterozygote has intermediate phenotype compared to homozygotes, its the idea of blending but the original phenotypes come back in F2 |
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| the heterozygous shows the full phenotypes of both homozygotes |
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when the products of different genes interact in a non-additive way with each other to influence phenotype, one gene makes it so the other genes don't show up, mask the other genes
Ex.labs |
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Definition
| association between two genes on the same chromosome, when this occurs they no longer show independent assortment, the closer the genes the lower the frequency for recombination |
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| a specific location on a chromosome, sometimes synonym for gene |
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| Phenotypes of genes on sex chromosomes are linked with the phenotype of sex, Recessive sex-linked traits are always expressed in heterogametic sex due to the fact that there is nothing to cover it up. |
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the distance between two genes as calculated from genetic crosses, a recombination frequency converted to a percentage
1 map unit = 1% recombination = 1 cM |
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| any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
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| the chromosomes involved in sex determination |
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The proportion of offspring of a genetic cross that have phenotypes that are different from their parents due to crossing over between linked genes during gamete formation
RF = recombinant progeny/ total progeny |
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| the positions of genes along a chromosome as revealed by recombination frequencies |
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| replication begins at the origin and then goes both directions, segregation begins at the origin while replication is still occurring, |
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| x-shaped connection between homologous chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis, the visible crossing over between homologous chromosomes |
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| the way that linked genes go through recombination. exchange of corresponding segments between two homologous chromosomes |
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| a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during meiosis and mediates chromosome pairing |
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| the highly specific parallel alignment of homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis |
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| the cells such as gametes that are involved in reproduction |
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| all cells not involved in the reproduction |
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| slow/inhibit cyclin production, cell growth and division rates, leads to tumor growth |
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| are mutated, abnormal proto-oncogenes that are overactive |
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| normal signals that stimulate cyclin production and cell division |
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Definition
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| Anaphase promoting complex (APC) |
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| destroys the cyclins so the cells can enter G0 |
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| Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) |
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Definition
| help regulate the cell cycle |
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| where the replication starts during binary fission |
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| where binary fission ends. |
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| where the two cells pinch apart in binary fusion |
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| Chromatid, sister chromatid |
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Definition
| a newly replicated chromosome, from the time molecular duplication occurs until the time of centromeres separate |
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| having a chromosome complement consisting of two copies of each chromosome |
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| the structure on the centromere where the microtubules attach |
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| the region where centromeres join |
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| any one of a group of proteins forming the core of a nucleosome, the structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome |
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| make up the chromosome, DNA wrapped around histones |
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| having a chromosome complement consisting of just one copy of each chromosome |
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| points of transition between different phases of the cell cycle, these are regulated by cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases |
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Definition
| they make the transitions happen in a cell cycle, they are proteins that activate cyclin dependent kinase |
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| addition of a phosphate group |
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| makes up eukaryotic chromosome |
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